.)> 3 1 

:>:> ■ z> )7> 

^ 33> 

> 33 

) ^3 

^ 33 

> 33 

» 33 . 



3) :> ») 



> 3^ J»:- 


' 3^ ■ 


^13 


y>y 


:>3> 


33 


33 


33 


33 


_J)> 


3 3 


3)3 


33 


3:> 


33« 


3>-3. 




3)3 


33 


3^ 3 


33 


;3>y3 


33 


JS)3 


33 


.:g>^s> 


3 



33 3>J3 33 



>-^ > 
>:) 3 

^3 ) 
3 5 ) 

3 y ) 
3) ) 

33 y 

y 3 ) 

> 3 ) 

33 I 
3 3. 3 
3 3 ^' > 
3 3 3 
> 3 3> 



)^' 30 
J :> 3 

^ 3>.^> 

- >o-)' 

> 3)> 
3 > 
) 3 
> > 

)3 ; 
->3 : 



3 '^X> •> 

» 3>-'--^ 

3:)9. 3> ' 3 

33" "X)-3 

33)> 3> 
3)>- 33 
3)'> 3 3- 
)3>) • 3 3- ■ . 
».» 3 > 

>:»^) 3 > 

>3» ■33 . -. 
0)> 3^ ^ 

:)72) 3>> "i 



3:^3I>3> 1> 33 



. 3)> 

3J))> 

33» 

3).» 

33» 
33)> 
3372) 
3:3») 
33»J) 
335D 
33» 
3332> 
»33 



► ^^31>^ 

► ^7 3>3 3 > 

> -v:i>3x» 3 

> 5^3:3 1 

► >:J>33) 

3 >3>3 :>:> 

3 !^3 33 

3 3>3 33: 

3 2>3 333 

3 3>3 33 3 ^ ^ ^ 

3 ;5)3 33 >3 3 )3 

3' 3>3'33 «>3 3 ^3 

3' 3>3 33:93 3 )3 

3' 33 '3 3 «3 3 )3 

3 33 33 3 J> )3 

3 33 33-3 3 )3 

> :33 33-3 3v-;'3 

3' 3>3 ■33 ~3 3& :)3 

:>> 33 '3 3 3 3 V03 



LIBRARY OF CONGRESS. 

PRESENTED BY 

\3il. :::. 

jl UNITED STATES OF AMEEIOA. 



> > .>* 

> ">•> 

? .>3- 

J) .>3 

?> • ,33 

> >y 

.B>) :j) 

3 ^ 3) 
3 ' j) 

3 >'^ . 

3 ^' B> - 

3 '• 3 
3 > JT 

3 :> J 
3 > ^r> 
3 > T 

3 > :r> 



3/)3 



3 
> 

.^ .3 

7 3 

:>3 , 

33 
>3 

>.3 

:3 
3 



333 



3 > 
> 

3 3 



3 33 33 3 J> )3 J>^ 3 3 3 
3 33 3 3 ' 3 3 )3 33 3 3 3 
> 33 3)) 3 3 33 3^ 33> 3 

3' 3 3 '-33 3 3 & \)3>3»3 '■33^3 
>33'3 3 3 3vo33^ 

> 3' JD>3 '333 3 3 .'3)3 3 
) 3353 333 3 3 )333 >" 
) 303 -^'3 3 3"3 »3 3 :5^ 

> 3'«)3 '^3 3 3 3 0>o 3 33 ':»>33'3l: 
^ >'>33 .»'.);3> 3J> >I>')3 33 •'!1?j333' 
^ 3>I>3 3)333 33 -W^ 3 33 ) ]^>>3 3r 
D> >-33 3>33£> 3>0"^3 33 J3>333: 
Q» i>33,.'3>3 3>3 3' ) 3 3> »> 33>3 
^^ ' ■^3'5333 3> 3 3^3 ■ 3331 >3>3 
S>33 3>)333 ;3>-3 33 33> 333 

Hy?JJ ■-> Y)) ">Tr);~^ ■) Will ^ Tk^> T. Tfc.-, ■^-<r».sS 



J>^ Z>1> '3 3:). 33 >: 
33 3 3 ' 3 > ' 33 " 3 
33 3 3 3> 33 3: 

33 3 3 >> 33 > 3 ; 

>:> 33 33 33 >3 3 

33 3 3 3>5>.33>3 3 
>3 33 '33 3>33 '3 3 

>3 33>'.3:> a>33..'3> 

»3 ''33^ 3>3 .3>^^ 3 .333 .3' 
3 33>33>33 3 



X> 



J^333 



' 33333.3 

► 33 3)3 3> 3). 
>>>33>33>3: 

'■•l>i)3 3^33>IX 
^P>).' )3 ^ 



''#3)33'..)i 
^33)3 >'33> 3> 
•)37 7) ,>'3^ 

3^5 3) ,3' 3l3f^' 
J>33.> .3>3P3i 



>3 3 



3> 
3> 



• 3> 

3D 
3^ 



3Z) 
3X> 

' :3i> 

3l)3 



3D1 
3l) O 



3 ^ 

33 

33 



33 

33 
X> 

33 

33 
33 

2> 2 



33 

3d 
333 



03P3 






ym 



31»^ 

3X)VVI; 

3)3) 
-'3-3 



„;3Ki> 
3>J3 

3)1)3 
:»33 



3^*353 



.33. 

.3^:] 
>>3:] 



•3-3)3 ■>3 
33;)I> ^ 

3>333 >M 



:>"2> 



30 



33 



yj> 

33 



3 3 33 ^^_ 
J>333 3> 
>3330 3^ 

3>5> Z>Z> 33 

y> «i3::> /3:3 

^^^^^ 33 

3)3 3Z> 33 

33 3Z> 33 



3 j>3j)"ii>j:] 

3:^3)33)3 

fe>^33)3"^ 

33) 3e 

•1> 33 

'3.3 33 

' 3^t> ""3)3 

3:f) 33 

a» 3i)D ^5> 
'» 3>3 "3 

•■'-' 3 3 J) "^:)D 

,.^33 3 
;_333 "3. 

3 3 3 » ' 

33- ~B 
D 33 3 
'3:3 3 
333^- 
333 > 
'3 333 : 
--'3 333 
33 333 
3 3 333 



--3 33 3 333 
333 333 3>3> 
33 333 3>3 
J^:^ 333 3» 
'3 3 X>3 3>> 






" ■ >3S»1>'-' 
' 33'S)v 

>3"^53:' 

333)33r 

.333 '^ 

3>j33S330: 

3>i2 

333D:F3^ 
.3) 3 "»3.>3>: 

:^>^ >x3:>:^fe>3 

..:^>:3 :s>X30P>r 

: :i>:)3>~33>>- 

:33ji> ::>'a>3>ai: 
331> 33D30J 

333>.35>33C|- 

-^3 Cl> '>3>» 

3)3)3>3^3^:S> 
3> .3 53>^3>:l>. 



►3J>^0 

3>3»:^x>" 

>7-33C> 






>>3-" 

33 

33 

>3D 

33 

.33 

j33 

333: 



33> ») 5 
3Z> 3 

33 jy" 

33 3 
33 JX 
1L> 332 



33 



33 
3.3 



3331333 33 
3:3>3>33 
333533 3:3 
33»33 33 
3:3i>3 3 33 



.333 :2>3>. 



33> >3> 
3>>.3>3»:: 

' 33^:33 
33 :s::33 . 
^3333> 3 

^>3>>33 

■ )>3» > 3 

■ ^ 33>33 
' 33> 33 

33 33 

■333^33 



■^ --vTv^ -^^3^ 



S T A T E M E N T 



OF THE 



PROGRESS AND COKDITION 



OF THE 



University of California. 



Prepared by REQrEsx of the Regents of the Ukiveesity, 
BY DANIEL C. OILMAN, PRESIDENT. 



i^ 



BEKKELEY 

1875. 



t 



STATEMENT. 



Berkeley (near Oakland), Marcli 23d, 1875. 

To the Board of Eegents, University of California : 

Gentlemen — In resigning the office of President of 
the University of California, I beg leave to submit a state- 
ment of the progress of the University during my connection 
with it. 

1. The personal changes which have occurred during the 
past two years and a half are numerous. 

My revered predecessor. Dr. Henry Durant, after a long 
life devoted to the public service, was removed by death 
January 22d, 1875. The tributes which have been paid to 
his character are already so ample, that here it is only neces- 
sary to place on record our grateful appreciation of his wis- 
dom, his devotion, and his success in keeping alive the idea 
of a university in California, and in laboring for its founda- 
tion with untiring industry. It is a cause of ^;egret that he 
has left behind him so little, in print or in manuscript, which 
will explain to those who come after him the peculiar diffi- 
culties and trials which he encountered. Some anecdotes 
noted down by a short-hand writer one evening at the request 
of a friend, as Dr. Durant related them, have been preserved 
in illustration of his experience, and his associates have told 
in various ways the story of his life ; but his fame will de- 
pend on the place he has won in the roll of those who helped 
to found the institutions of California. 

2. Hon. Edward Tompkins, a member of the Board of Ee- 
gents and State Senator from Alameda County, died Novem- 



6 STATEMENT OF PROGRESS, 1872-5, 

ber 14tli, 1872. He had been one of the most constant and 
efficient friends of the University, from the time of its or- 
ganization, and the Eegents placed on their records soon 
after his death a full expression of their respect and grati- 
tude. Eev. Dr. Stebbins presented the following minute, 
which was adopted by the Board : 

•' The Board of Eegents hereby place on record their high appreciation of 
the services and character of their late associate, the Honorable Edward 
Tompkins, who, at the time of his death, was a State Senator for Alameda 
County, and an elected member of this Board. 

** He was a native of Oneida County, New York; a graduate of Union 
College ; a successful member of the bar, first in his native State and then in 
California ; a student of literary and philosophical subjects ; an earnest advo- 
cate of the higher education, and the generous promoter of all good undertak- 
ings in the community where he dwelt. 

' ' He became a member of this Board in 1868, and served on the Committee 
on Instruction. His residence in Oakland and the comparative leisure of his 
late days enabled him to devote much time and thought to the internal affairs 
of the University, and to present its claims with an intelligent appreciation of 
details whenever there was occasion. Although suffering with an illness 
which proved to be mortal, he came from a sick bed to preside and speak at 
the inauguration of the President of the University on the 7th of November 
last, and on the 14th of November, at the age of fifty-seven years, laid down 
his life in the hope of the life to come. 

"As the Public Orator of the University in many academic assemblies, as 
the Counselor on whom the Academic Senate and the Board of Regents 
were accustomed to rely, as the Legislator by whose persistent advocacy a 
building fund was secured, and as a benefactor by whose munificence a pro- 
fessorship has been founded for instruction in Chinese and Japanese, he will 
through all time be gratefully remembered in the annals of this University, 
while his virtuous private life and his devotion to the public good deserve the 
tribute of affectionate respect from all who were associated with him." 

3. The presidency of the Board of Eegents, which devolves 
by law upon the Governor of the State, was transferred in 
February, 1875, from Hon. Newton Booth (then U. S. Sena- 
tor-elect), to Hon. Eomualdo Pacheco (then Lieutenant-gov- 
ernor). 

The office of 'Secretary, held by Mr. Andrew J. Moul- 
der from an early period in the life of the University, 
was given up by him in January, 1874. Its duties were 
temporarily discharged by Mr. J. West Martin, one of the 
Board of Eegents, until April, 1874, when Mr. E. E. C. 
Stearns was appointed to the place. The duties of this office 



UNIVERSITY OF CALIFORNIA. 7 

are exceedingly complex and difficult, and the University lias 
been fortunate in having such incumbents of the post. Their 
devotion to the public welfare, their versatility, and their 
integrity have contributed largely to the prosperity of the 
institution. 

The office of Land Agent was vacated by the death of the 
incumbent in 1874, and its duties were temporarily assigned 
to the Secretary, but there were serious difficulties in this 
arrangement, and it was given up. Mr. J. W. Shanklin was 
subsequently appointed Land Agent. 

4. Among all the administrative offices of the Board, but one 
has remained unchanged : that of the Treasurer. The office 
has been filled from the beginning by W. C. Ealston, Esq., 
and to his energy and liberality the University is indebted 
for its good credit, and for the promptness with which its 
obligations are paid. Those who are familiar with new in- 
stitutions elsewhere, of uncertain resources, can best appre- 
ciate the services of a treasurer so able and so willing. 

5. The changes in the Board of Regents have been as fol- 
lows, from November, 1872, to March, 1875 : 

DESIGNATIONS, ETC. 

Edwaed Tompkins Died Nov. 14th, 1872. 

. S. F. BuTTEEWOETH Eesigned. 

KicHAED p. Hammond Kesigned. 

Chaeles F. Eeed Term expired. 

T. B. Shannon Term expii-ed. 

John W. Dwinelle Kesigned. 

Samuel Meeeitt Resigned. 

Newton Booth Kesigned as Governor. 

accessions to office: 

Heney H. Haight. By election of the Kegents. 

J. W. WiNANS By appointment of the Governor. 

K. S. Caeet As Pres. State Agricultural Society. 

M. M. EsTEE As Speaker of the Assembly. 

D. C. Gilman As President of the University. 

J. M. Hamilton By appointment of the Governor. 

D. O. Mills By appointment of the Governor. 

"William Meek By appointment of the Governor. 

W illi am Iewin As Lieutenant-Governor. 

6. There have also been changes in the staff of teachers. 
The resignation of Professor Swinton, Professor of English 



8 STATEMENT OF PROGRESS, 1872-5, 

Literature and History, was accepted March 3d, 1874. He 
had previously requested a leave of absence, which had been 
refused by the Eegents. His resignation was followed by 
the publication of a pamphlet in which his views on the sub- 
ject of agricultural education were set forth. 

The resignation of Dr. E. S. Carr, Professor of Agricult- 
ure, was requested by the Eegents in July, 1874, and when 
the request was not complied with, he was removed from 
office for reasons which were briefly stated. He also pub- 
lished a pamphlet containing animadversions on the action 
of the Eegents, and particularly in respect to their manage- 
ment of the * ' Agricultural Department. " His removal caused 
a remonstrance on the part of the ** Patrons of Husbandry," 
or Grangers, and the ** Mechanics' Deliberative Assembly," 
which was answered by the Board of Eegents in a brief com- 
munication. 

7. In the summer of 1873, Professor Samuel Jones, Pro- 
fessor of Military Science, etc., was called away to become 
President of the Maryland College of Agriculture. His res- 
ignation was accepted with reluctance, and the thanks of the 
Board of Eegents were formally voted to him for his able and 
efficient services. 

Two instructors of modern languages, Mr. Julius Gross- 
man and Mr. Manuel M. Corella, have also resigned, the lat- 
ter having finished a course of special studies in the Univer- 
sity and returned to Mexico. 

8. The vacancies thus created have all been filled, and there 
have been other important additions to the corps of instruct- 
ors. The names and departments of instruction of those 
who have been appointed since November, 1872, are as fol- 
lows : 

PKOFESSOES. 

Agriculture Eugene W. Hilgakd. 

Mining William Ashbukner. 

Industrial Mechanics Feedeeick G. Hesse. 

English Edwaed R. Sill. 

Military Science, etc Samuel Jones. 

lectueees. 

Metallurgy Geoege F. Beckee. 

Economic Botany C. E. Bessey. 

Stock Breeding William H. Beewee. 



UNIVERSITY OF CALIFORNIA. 9 

INSTKUCTOKS. 

Industrial Drawing John D. Hoffmann. 

Spanish ' Chakles F. Gompeetz. 

German Albin Putzker. 

French G. de Keesaint-Gilt. 

ASSISTANTS. 

Mathematics Geoege C. Edwaeds, 

Mathematics Leandee L. Hawkins. 

Classics Aethue H, Allen. 

Classics Ambeose C. Richaedson. 

Chemistry F. Slate, Je. 

Chemistry John D. Stillman. 

Chemistry Samuel B. Cheisty. 

Mineralogy A. Wendell Jackson. 

English , .Joseph C. Rowell. 

English Thomas F. Baeey. 

Mechanics Edwaed A. Paekee. 

othee officees. 

Superintendent of the Grounds R. E. C. Steaens. 

Landscape Engineer W. Hammond Hall. 

Gardener John Ellis. 

Curator of the Mineralogical Collections, etc . Heney G. Hanks. 

Foreman of the Printing OfiBce A. Whitton. 

Student Manager L. A. Joedan. 

9. The Chair of Agriculture has been filled bj the appoint- 
ment of Professor Eugene "W. Hilgard, Ph. D., formerly of 
the College of Agriculture and Mechanic Arts in the Univer- 
sity of Mississippi, and recently of the University of Mich- 
igan. While in Mississippi he had charge of the Geological 
and Agricultural Survey of the State. Mr. Hilgard's emi- 
nence as a man of science, his skill in applying his knowledge 
to agriculture and other industrial pursuits, and his long 
experience as a teacher, have qualified him in an uncommon 
degree to discharge with satisfaction the difiicult duties 
devolved upon him. He is well known for the attention 
which he has given to the analysis of soils, and for the light 
he has thus thrown upon some of the most intricate prob- 
lems in agricultural science. He came to Berkeley in the 
autumn of 1874, and delivered there two courses of lectures; 
one upon the General Principles of Agriculture (particularly 
upon the chemistry of soils) and the other on the Chemistry 



]0 STATEMENT OF PROGRESS, 1872-5. 

of Household Life. The impression which he made by these 
lectures was so good that he was unanimously appointed per- 
manent professor, and he is now about to enter upon his 
duties among us. 

10. The Chair of Mining has been filled by the appoint- 
ment of Mr. William Ashburner, mining engineer, of San 
Francisco, who will direct his attention to the organization 
of the College of Mines, as fast as the funds are provided for 
this purpose. Mr. Ashburner, having received a technical 
and scientific education in the East and in Europe, came 
early to the Pacific Coast, and was for a time engaged upon 
the Geological Survey of California. He has had ample 
opportunities for becoming acquainted with the mining in- 
dustries of this and other countries, and he has already made 
his influence felt for good upon the students of this Univer- 
sity. In entering upon his professorship, he delivered an 
introductory lecture on the Profession of Mining Engineer- 
ing, which has been printed. 

11. A Chair of Industrial Mechanics was instituted by the 
Board in the autumn of 1874, and was subsequently filled by 
the appointment of Mr. Frederick G. Hesse, of Oakland. 
Mr. Hesse was trained in a German polytechnic school, and 
was early engaged as a teacher in Brown University. He 
subsequently held a scientific appointment under the United 
States Government, but has resided for the last few years in 
Oakland, engaged in mechanical occupations, especially in 
the invention and improvement of some ingenious mechan- 
ical contrivances. It is rare to find a man qualified to fill 
the duties of a Chair of Industrial Mechanics, both by his 
scientific attainments, and by practical knowledge acquired 
in the shop, but Mr. Hesse is s«ch a man. Upon assuming 
the duties of his post, he delivered a lecture on the Pro- 
fession of Mechanical Engineering, which will be printed. 
He is now engaged in devising implements by which a 
thorough examination may be made of the strength of the 
timbers of the Pacific Coast, to which reference will be made 
in a later portion of this report. 

12. The professorship of English was. filled by the ap- 



UNIVERSITY OF CALIFORNIA. 11 

pointment of Mr. Edward E. Sill, a graduate of Tale College, 
who has been engaged in teaching in California for several 
years, and is highly esteemed for his literary attainments, 
for his enthusiasm in the study of language, and for his de- 
votion to the work of a teacher. His introductory lecture on 
the subject of the Study of English was printed in the 
Berkeley an. 

13. The vacancy occasioned by the withdrawal of Professor 
Jones was filled by the appointment of two graduates of the 
University to be assistants in mathematics — Mr. George C. 
Edwards and Mr. Leander L. Hawkins — and they have dur- 
ing the last two years discharged this service with great fidel- 
ity. Mr. Edwards has had the command of the battalion 
in addition to his duties as mathematical instructor, and 
Mr. Hawkins has had the chief direction of the classes in 
surveying. 

14. Mr. John D. Hoffmann was apjDointed in the autumn 
of 1874 instructor of Industrial Drawing. He is an ex- 
perienced engineer and draughtsman, who was trained in 
Germany, has had long experience in the construction of 
public works, especially in the service of the U. S. Govern- 
ment, and he is in all respects qualified to impart an exact 
knowledge of this most important art. 

15. Mr. Albin Putzker entered upon his duties as special 
instructor in German, in the spring of 1874, and has suc- 
ceeded in a remarkable degree in awakening a love of the 
study of that language among all classes of students. He 
was previously head of the Santa Barbara College. 

16. The large number of scholars pursuing the study of 
French, under Professor Pioda, made it indispensable to 
provide an additional instructor in that department, and 
Mr. G. de Kersaint-Gily has accordingly been appointed. 
The place occupied by Mr. Corella as instructor in Spanish 
has been filled by the appointment of Mr. Charles D. Gom- 
pertz, who also devotes much attention to the Library. 

17. Mr. Arthur H. Allen, graduate of Yale College, who was 
employed for a single year as instructor in the College of 
Letters, discharged these duties with skill and success until 



12 STATEMENT OF PROGRESS, 1872-5, 

he was released from service at his own request. The place 
he had held was filled by the appointment of Mr. A. C. Eich- 
ardson, a graduate of Harvard College, distinguished for his 
knowledge of the classics, who still continues to give instruc- 
tion. 

18. In the summer of 1874, the Eegents determined to ap- 
point as assistant instructors several young men who had re- 
cently graduated. The amount of their compensation was not 
to be large ($600 per year), and it was not supposed that their 
duties would be responsible or onerous. But it was thought 
that they would be led to prosecute advanced studies under 
the direction of the Faculty, and would thus become better 
fitted for the duties of life. This plan, which is nearly 
equivalent to the establishment of graduate scholarships, has 
worked well. Two of this company of young men have been 
granted leave of absence without pay for one year, to pursue 
their studies in Germany ; four others are to remain a 
second year ; the seventh begins a professional course of 
study in law. The names of these seven graduate students 
are as follows: T. F. Barry, S. B. Christy, A. W. Jackson, 
E. A. Parker, J. C. Kowell, F. Slate, J. M. Stillman. 

19. Professor George Davidson, a non-resident professor, 
who began to give instruction in Geodesy and the use of as- 
tronomical instruments in the winter of 1873, was inter- 
rupted in this work by being called upon to engage in the 
observations of the transit of Venus, in Japan. 

20. Hon. S. J. Field, non-resident Professor of Law, pro- 
poses to commence a course of lectures in the Spring of 
1875. 

21. The staff giving instructions at Berkeley now includes 
the President, thirteen resident Professors, two non-res- 
ident P^cofessors (Judge Field and Prof. Davidson), three 
lecturers for the current year (Professors Bessey and Brewer, 
and Dr. Becker), nine instructors, and seven graduate assist- 
ants. There, are in addition, a Superintendent of the Agricult- 
ural Grounds, a Gardener, a Foreman and a Manager of the 
Printing Office, and there are also occasional lecturers, 
whose services have been gratuitously given on one or more 
days. 



UNIVERSITY OF CALIFORNIA. 13 

22. The number of students has steadily increased since 
the opening of the institution, as the following figures show : 

In 1869-70 40 

In 1870-71 78 

In 1871-72 153 

In 1872-73 185 

In 1873-74 191 

In 1874-75 234 

The inconveniences at Berkeley were so many when the 
University was first established in its permanent place, that 
many of those who had proposed to enter were prevented 
from doing so, and some of the ladies who had been in at- 
tendance withdrew from the classes. Since the close of the 
last academic year, 126 persons have applied for admission 
to the University. Twenty- six counties of this State, and 
several states of the Union, have their representatives at 
Berkeley. Of the present students, 171 are candidates for a 
degree. The number of ladies attending the classes is 
thirty-nine. There is no preparatory class. 

LEGISLATION. 

23. In entering upon the office which I have held, it was 
my first duty to become acquainted with the laws under 
which the University was organized, with the policy that the 
Regents had adopted for the organization of the University, 
and with the requirements of the community in respect to 
higher education. It was soon apparent that a great diver- 
sity of views prevailed in respect to the scope of the Univer- 
sity, and that these difficulties arose in part from the varied 
enactments under which the institution, had been organized. 
A few words upon this subject may tend, perhaps, both to 
exhibit and to remove some of these difficulties. 

24. The State of California, like most of the newer States 
of the Union, received from the General Government a cer- 
tain portion of the public lands for the use of a seminary of 
learning ; and the Constitution of the State provided for the 
bestowal of these and other funds upon a State Univer- 
sity. This was the nucleus of the University of California. 



14 STATEMENT OF PROGRESS, 1872-5, 

25. Independent of State action, a private corporation, 
established in Oakland, maintained for several years an in- 
stitution of learning under the name of the College of Cali- 
fornia. It acquired lands, funds, and good-will. When the 
University was organized it relinquished the field and gave 
up its property to the State, on condition of the perpetual 
maintenance of a College of Letters. 

26. In 1862, the National Government bestowed on the 
various States of the Union a certain amount of scrip in the 
public lands, for the maintenance in each State of "at least 
one college where the leading object shall be, without ex- 
cluding other scientific and classical studies, and including 
military tactics, to teach such branches of learning as are re- 
lated to agriculture and the mechanical arts, in such manner as 
the legislatures of the States may respectively prescribe, in 
order to promote the liberal and practical education of the 
industrial classes in the several pursuits and professions in 
life." 

27. The scope of this national endowment has been well 
defined by many writers, but by none more clearly than in 
the following paragraph, which was written by Professor 
Atherton, once of the Illinois Industrial University, and now 
of the Kutgers Scientific School in New Brunswick, New Jer- 
sey. After referring to the terms of the grant as prescribed 
by Congress, he says : 

"This language certainly does not contemplate the teaching of " agricult- 
ure " alone, but of all the natural sciences which underlie its laws and proc- 
esses, all the mathematical and physical sciences which are the basis of the 
mechanic arts, and whatever else is adapted to promote " the liberal and 
practical education of the industrial classes," not even excluding classical 
studies. It is, in short, the statement of a comprehensive scheme for pro- 
moting the higher education of the people — a thing which the Government 
has been doing ever since it first had public lands to dispose of. The insti- 
tutions thus founded have come to be generally spoken of as "agricultural 
colleges," simply for want of a more convenient designation, and prob- 
ably, also, because "agriculture" happens to be the first important word in 
that part of the law just quoted." 

28. After prolonged discussion among the friends of higher 
education, the Legislature organized the University of Cali- 



UNIVERSITY OF CALIFORNIA. 15 

f ornia by an Act approved March 23d, 1868, which was some- 
what modified by the passage of the Political Code, and has 
since received some additional amendments. The '^ Organic 
Act," thus modified, still governs the University. It is 
printed with the last legislative revisions in the University 
Eegisters for 1874 and 1875. 

29. The Board of Eegents, on whom these laws devolved 
the administration of the University, was originally con- 
stituted as follows, in four distinct classes : 

a. The Governor, Lieutenant Governor, and State Superintendent of 
Schools, all elected by popular vote, and holding office for four years, and the 
Speaker of the Assembly, holding office for two years, and elected by members 
of the Assembly, were the official representatives of the State. 

b. The President of the State Agricultural Society and the President of the 
Mechanics' Institute in San Francisco, elected annually by these societies, 
were the representatives of the agricultural and mechanical interests of the 
State. « 

c. Eight members of the Board, holding office for sixteen years, were ap- 
pointed by the Governor, with the approval of the Senate. 

d. Eight members of the Board, holding office for sixteen years, were 
elected as honorary Kegents, and were chosen "from the body of the State 
by the official and appointed members." 

30. The law expressly declared that no member of the 
Board should be deemed a public officer by virtue of such 
membership ; but he should be deemed as discharging exclu- 
sively a private trust. The Regents were furthermore re- 
quired to become incorporated under the general laws of the 
State. These provisions were intended to secure stability in 
the Board, and the removal of the University from political 
interference ; while at the same time the official representa- 
tives of the State had power to prevent and correct abuses. 
Care was also taken, by providing six different modes of 
membership, and tenures of office which vary in length from 
one to sixteen years, that the Board should not be the rep- 
resentative of any class or faction. 

Sectarian and . ecclesiastical influences were precluded by 
a requirement that a majority of the Board should not be ''of 
any one religious sect, or of no religious sect." 

31. The Political Code of the State of California, which 
went into operation on the 1st of January, 1873, made sev- 



16 STATEMENT OF PEOGRESS, 1872-5, 

eral changes in the constitution of the Board of Eegents, 
the bearing of which upon the management of the Uniyersity 
does not seem to have been fiilly considered. The Eegents 
are declared to be civil executive officers of the State, and 
all except the ex officio members are to be appointed, as 
vacancies occur, by the Governor, with the advice and con- 
sent of the Senate. 

By the Legislature of 1873-4, the President of the Univer- 
sity for the time being was made a member of the Board, 
and some slight verbal changes were made in the law. 
• This is not the place to suggest further changes in the 
Organic Act, but some changes must be made before the 
University can be regarded as established on a sure founda- 
tion. 

32. It would be well for the State if these historic state- 
ments in respect to the origin of the University of Califor- 
nia were more generally remembered. It is frequently 
asserted that the University was founded as an Ag- 
ricultural College, and that the College of Letters 
should have no place in the organization ; whereas the 
truth is, that the State, in its Constitution, provided for the 
establishment of "a University," and all subsequent legis- 
lation has tended toward a liberal and comprehensive insti- 
tution in which all higher studies should be taught. 

ADMINISTRATION. 

33. Many changes have been made in the mode of con- 
ducting the business of the Board — one of the most impor- 
tant of which has been the establishment of the Secretary's 
office at the site of the University, where he can personally 
oversee the expenditures of money. Another noteworthy 
change has been made in the organization of the commit- 
tees of the Board. 

The number of standing committees was originally twelve. 
This plan had doubtless been adopted in order to interest 
every member of the Board in some department of the 
University's service, but the practical working of the ar- 



UNIVERSITY OF CALIFORNIA. 17 

rangement had been to difluse responsibility and to lessen 
interest. Recognizing tliis fact, tbe Board, at my request, 
soon determined to appoint one committee whicb should be 
a central committee and should be advisory to the Presi- 
dent in the discharge of his duties. This committee was 
appointed by ballot, and consisted of five members, three of 
whom were to be residents of Alameda County. The 
members of this committee were originally Messrs. H. H. 
Haight, S. F. Butterworth, H. Stebbins, J. W. Dwinelle, 
and J. W. Martin. The place of Mr. Butterworth was 
subsequently filled by the appointment of Mr. J. Mora Moss. 
This committee has met frequently at the call of one of 
their number or of the President, and has devoted a very 
large amount of time to the consideration of all the affairs 
of the University. 'Ho important steps have been taken 
by the President without their knowledge and consent, 
and on them the Board of Regents has relied for advice in 
matters pertaining to the instruction and government of the 
students and the appointment of instructors. Their meet- 
ings have been held on an average more frequently than 
once a month and have often been prolonged for two or three 
hours. The visits of the various members of the Committee 
to Berkeley have likewise been frequent. 

As a still further step toward efficient administration, the 
Board determined to make the quarterly meeting of June 
an annual meeting, and to require at that time the presenta- 
tion of reports respecting the various departments of the 
University and the discussion of the most important measures, 
so far as they could be foreseen, for the ensuing year. The 
annual meeting for 18Y4 was held at Berkeley in the month 
of June. 

The number of the Committees has been reduced from 
twelve to ^vQy and their duties are as follows: 

1. The Advisory Committee, to advise the Board and the President on all 
such matters as may be referred to them. 

2. The Finance Committee, to audit all bills and to supervise the financial 
affairs of the University. 



18 STATEMENT OF PROGRESS, 1872-5, 

3. The Land Committee, to supervise the work of the Land Agent, and to 
superintend the sale of the national land grant. 

4. The Committee on Buildings and Grounds, to supervise the care of the 
property of the University. 

5. The Law Committee, to give advice on legal points. 

SURVEYS OF THE SITE. 

34. The right development of a site which is to be the 
seat of a University for a long time to come has naturally 
required a great deal of consideration, and much of this 
preliminary work has been done since 1872. 

35. The College of California, before it transferred the 
Berkeley property to the University, had caused it to be 
carefully examined by the well-known landscape engineer 
of ISTew York, Mr. Frederick Law Olmsted, who prepared 
a plan for its improvement, accompanied by an elaborate 
map. The date of his report was June 29th, 1866. His 
views in respect to the uses of the grounds were published 
in a pamphlet, and are still of much value; but the or- 
ganization of the institution, when it passed from the control 
of a private corporation to that of the State, was varied, and 
this made it necessary to deviate in many respects from his 
suggestions. It is obvious that the requirements of a State 
University were very different from those of a simple college. 

Copies of Mr. Olmsted's report are now scarce, and it 
would be well if such portions as are of permanent value 
could be reprinted. All my endeavours to find the map 
which Mr. Olmsted prepared have been without success. 
"When the Regents of the University entered upon the site, 
Mr. Low, a landscape gardener of Sau Jose, was employed 
to lay out the roads and paths which were most requisite. 
It became important also to determine upon the bearings 
which should be given to the college buildings which were 
first to be constructed. It was decided by the architect to 
place them at right angles to an axial line which divides 
the property into two nearly equal portions, and which pro- 
tracted bisects the Golden Gate. 

36. As a trustworthy basis for future improvements, the 



UNIVERSITY OF CALIFORNIA. 19 

Regents requested the Chief of the United States Coast Sur- 
vey work on the Pacific to cause a plane-table survey of 
the site to be made. This was done in the spring of 1878 
by Mr. Cleveland Rockwell. 

At a later day, Mr. William Hammond Hall, the Land- 
scape Engineer of the Golden Gate Park of San Francis- 
co, was requested by the Regents to present a plan for the 
improvement of the grounds, having in view what had 
already been done, and what were likely to be the require- 
ments of the University during a long period to come. His 
plan, which is dated February 21st, 1874, is printed in the 
statement of the Regents to the Legislature in the session 
of 1873-4. It has been approved and adopted by the Board. 

An accurate survey of the boundary lines has also been 
made. 

There are now no funds for the general improvement 
of the grounds, as the resources set apart for out-of-door 
work are devoted to the development of the agricultural 
and horticultural department. As soon as the means of 
the University permit, the work of road-making and grad- 
ing should be prosecuted with efficiency. 

37. In further preparation for the growth of the Univer- 
sity, the students of Civil Engineering, under the guidance 
of the professor in that department, are making a very 
minute survey of the site. 

Two parts of this survey have been completed, the region 
around the two large buildings now constructed, and the 
water-shed and water-courses connected with the water 
supply of the University. 

Professor Soule has made an elaborate report, which 
remains in manuscript, upon the water question, having in 
view not only the present necessities of the institution, but 
also the probability that a large neighborhood will require 
to be supplied from the springs which the University con- 
trols. This report might well be printed. He has also 
furnished the following note in respect to the topography 
of the site: 



20 STATEMENT OF PROGRESS, 1872-5, 

•* I have found already in my teaching that the topography of the site is not 
only beautiful in a landscape and architectural point of view, but is excellently 
adapted to instruction in all branches of field engineering. The diversified 
character of the surface brings into use all the systems and principles of sur- 
veying and topography. It is in area 200 acres, is watered by numerous 
springs in the hills, and the collection and disposal of this will furnish here- 
after abundant study and practice to the engineering student. With the 
spring water and surface water saved, the grounds could be thoroughly irri- 
gated throughout the year, and made to blossom as the rose. The lower por- 
tion of the grounds is flat and moist throughout the year, and will nourish 
such trees, flowers, and shrubs, as require such soil. Then there is a higher 
plateau, upon which the various buildings have been, or are to be located, 
forming the campus proper. Beyond, toward the Monte Diablo Range, the 
ground rises into hills, the highest of which is 884 feet above tide-water, and 
584 feet above the base of the south college. The average height of the tract is 
400 feet above tide- water. The hilly portion could be well utilized for forestry. 
The University is supplied with water from a reservoir of 38,000 gallons capac- 
ity, situated at the foot of Strawberry Canon, and at an elevation of 205 feet 
above the basement of the south college. It will carry water entirely over any 
building contemplated. Other springs of large resources will be reclaimed 
and brought in, from time to time. Strawberry Creek is for a large portion of 
the year a beautifully clear stream ; during the winter it discharges an enormous 
quantity of water, and runs between steep banks ten to fifteen feet in depth, and 
with a span from thirty to 100 feet. Along it are found many shady quiet nooks, 
gracious' to the scholar, philosopher, and naturalist. The soil of the lower 
portion of the site is a deep, rich adobe, capable of being wrought into a soil 
of great productiveness; on the plateau it is a lighter kind. On the hills there 
is a thin soil of decomposed shale rock, etc. It would be difficult to find with- 
in so small an area as the University site a spot with so many varieties and 
capabilities in the way of soils, irrigation, and exposure." 

38. Tlie University has tlius at command several accu- 
rate maps of its Berkeley property, viz : 

a. The plane-table map prepared by Mr. Rockwell, of the U. S. Coast 
Survey. 

6. The project for the improvement of the grounds, by Mr. W. H. Hall, of 
San Francisco. 

c. The survey of the boundary lines. 

d. The survey of the water rights of the University and their connections, 
prepared by Professor Soule. 

e. Detailed plats of different portions of the grounds, prepared by the stu- 
dents in Engineering and Surveying. Mr. Hawkins has taken special interest 
in the study of the site, and in ascertaining accurate data in respect to it» 
characteristics. 



UNIVERSITY OF CALIFORNIA. 21 

BUILDINGS. 

39. Two large and commodious buildings have been con- 
structed for the University at Berkeley. The plans for 
these structures were made by Mr. David Farquharson, 
architect, of San Francisco, and were adopted by the Board 
before my connection with the University. The brick 
building sometimes called the College of Agriculture, but 
officially designated by the Regents as the *' South Hall," 
was constructed under the direction of Mr. Farquharson; 
the wooden building, sometimes called the College of Let- 
ters, but officially designated as the ^'I^orth Hall," was con- 
structed without the architect's supervision, and the inte- 
rior arrangements were in some respects changed from his 
original plans by the direction of the Board of Regents. 
The corner-stone of the first building was laid in August, 
1872, with public ceremonies; the corner-stone of the second 
building was laid in the spring of 1873, in the presence of 
the officers and students of the University. 

Both these buildings were occupied at the commence- 
ment of the college year in September, 1873, although. some 
of the interior arrangements were not completed. 

The South Hall contains the Library, museums, labora- 
tories. Agricultural rooms. Secretary's office, and an ad- 
mirable scientific lecture-room. The ]N"orth Hall contains 
the class-rooms for Mathematics, Physics, Engineering, 
Mechanics, Languages, and Literature, together with a 
large assembly-room, Faculty rooms, armory, printing-of- 
fice, etc. 

The dimensions of the brick building are as follow : 
length, one hundred and fifty-two feet ; average width, 
fifty-six feet. There are four stories, and thirty-four rooms 
in the building, six of them being thirty-two by forty-eight 
feet, and several of the others twenty by twenty-six feet. 

The length of the north building is one hundred and sixty- 
six feet; its average width, sixty feet, and its height sixty- 
four feet. It has four stories, and is divided into twenty- 
eight compartments. The assembly-room is forty-three by 
3 



22 STATEMENT OF PROGRESS, 1872-5, 

fifty-eight feet, and the philosophical lecture room thirty- 
six by fifty-eight feet. 

COURSES OF INSTRUCTION. 

40. The changes in the courses of instruction during the last 
three years are partly such as have been occasioned by the 
increase in the number of teachers, and by the improved 
facilities for instruction afibrded by the new buildings at 
Berkeley. 

Some of these changes are important enough to be ex- 
plained. 

In addition to the original courses of study in Agricult- 
ure and Letters which were commenced in 1869, a course 
in Engineering was begun in 1871. Since then the courses 
in Mechanics, Mining, and Chemistry have been estab- 
lished, and the course in Letters has been separated into a 
classical and a literary course. In accordance with the 
phraseology of the laws of the State, these courses are com- 
monly spoken of as '' colleges." At the head of each of 
these seven departments of instruction is a professor, who 
acts under the President and Faculty as the director of the 
studies of the course. 

These seven courses and their directors are as follows : 

Agriculture Peofessoe Hilgaed. 

Mechanics " John LeConte. 

Mining '* Ashbuenee. 

Chemistry " Rising. 

Engineering *' Soule. 

Classics " Kellogg. 

Literature " Sill. 

41. The five courses first named are commonly spoken of as 
the " College of Science," and the two last named as the 
" College of Letters." The Scientific Faculty and the Lit- 
erary Faculty meet together as one body for the govern- 
ment of the students. All the Faculties of the University, 
including the Medical, constitute by law an "Academic 
Senate," the meetings of which will not probably be fre- 



UNIVERSITY OF CALIFORNIA. 23 

quent. The President of the University is the presiding 
officer in these various Faculties, and the Dean of the Aca- 
demic Senate is the Secretary of that body and of the joint 
meetinsfs of the Scientific and Literarv Faculties. 

In the ^ve technical courses, the first two years are de- 
voted chiefly to those studies which are fundamental and of 
general importance — to Mathematics, Elementary Chem- 
istry, Physics, I^atural History, and Modern Languages, in- 
cluding English. During the last two years, the special 
subjects of the several courses predominate, that is to say, 
Agriculture, Mechanics, Mining, Chemistry, or Engineer- 
ing. The degree given at the conclusion of each of these 
courses is that of Bachelor of Philosophy in the College of 
Agriculture, Mechanics, etc., as the case may be. Full 
particulars in regard to these courses are given in the Reg- 
ister of the University for 1874-5. 

42. The examinations for admissions have been made more 
strict, but the terms of entrance have not been altered. To 
explain the character of these examinations, both to teachers 
and scholars in distant parts of the State, a circular has been 
carefully prepared and widely distributed. It is printed as 
Bulletin I^o. 6. 

At the examinations for admission in the autumn of 1874, 
there were 126 candidates, of whom 54 were admitted with- 
out a condition, six withdrew of their own accord, and fif- 
teen were found deficient in two principal studies and advised 
to withdraw. Of those who were admitted on condition of 
making up their deficiencies, nineteen were conditioned in 
mathematics, and in the College of Letters thirteen were 
conditioned in Latin. 

There are two principal examinations every year, one at the 
end of the first term called the " semi-annual," and one at 
the end of the year called the "annual." These examina- 
tions cover the work which has been done during the 
semester or the year just previous. , The efifect of these ex- 
aminations on the standing of a scholar is carefully adjusted 
by rules which the Faculty have adopted. 



24 STATEMENT OF PROGRESS, 1872-5, 

43. The order of the University, during the three years, 
has been good. The number of cases requiring disciphne 
from the Faculty for improper conduct has been exceedingly 
small. There has been no system of police, nor of tutorial or 
military supervision. There have been few regulations, and 
few penalties, but the constant effort of the instructors has 
been to impress upon the scholars a sense of the advantages 
here bestowed upon them, and to let it be understood that 
those who do not appreciate these advantages are liable 
at any moment to be deprived of them. This simple under- 
standing has been sufficient to secure the respectful obe- 
dience of the pupils, and cases of neglect and carelessness 
have been exceedingly rare. Visitors to the public build- 
ings are constantly surprised to see the good order in which 
they have been kept, and are more surprised to learn that 
this good condition is not the result of frequent repairs, 
nor of heavy penalties, but of constant attention and care 
on the part of the students. 

TECHNICAL AND SCIENTIFIC INSTRUCTION. 

44. From what has been already said, it is obvious that 
special attention has been given to technical or scientific 
instruction, in accordance with the terms of the Congres- 
sional grant, making it necessary to provide instruction in 
those branches of learning ''which are related to Agricult- 
ure and Mechanical Arts.'' Five of these modern courses 
or colleges are now maintained in the University, namely: 

1. Agriculture. 4. Engineering. 

2. Mechanics. 5. Chemistry. 

3. Mining. 

45. The general character of this instruction is indicated 
by the following report from the Faculty, presented to the 
Legislative Committee, February 28th, 1874. Since that time 
the three deficiencies referred to at the close of their report 
have been supplied. First, the out-door work has been be- 
gun, including the establishment on a good plan of an 
orchard, botanic garden, propagating-houses, and experi- 



UNIVERSITY OF CALIFORNIA. 25 

ment station in agriculture and horticulture ; second, in- 
struction has been given by Professors Bessey and Brewer 
in economic Botany and Zoology; and third, special in- 
structors have been appointed in Industrial Mechanics and 
Industrial Drawing. 

""What is the course of study in the University of California, in Agricult- 
ure and Mechanic Arts? 

'• The Faculty of the University, February 28th, 1874, in reply to this formal 
inquiry, made the following answer. By a comparison of their statements 
with those of other kindred universities, it will be seen that the statement of 
Professor Carr is corroborated when he said to the Joint University Commit- 
tee that with one special provision made, * we shall compare very favorably 
with any agricultural college in the country so far as in-door instruction is 
concerned : ' 

*' Kepoet.— It may be premised that the object of the course of instruction 
given in the University in all its departments, including those of Agriculture 
and Mechanic Arts, is to furnish a broad and liberal culture adapted to 
the various callings of intelligent and educated citizens. With this 
aim in view, the course of instruction in the Colleges of Agriculture 
and Mechanic Arts has been so arranged as to embrace the following sub- 
jects: 

"1. An English Course: embracing the history and structure of the English 
Language; Ancient and Modern History, Bhetorio, and Logic. This course 
extends through four years. 

*' 2. A course in Modern Languages: embracing one or more modern lan- 
guages, extending through three or four years. 

*' 3. A complete course of Mathematics, as constituting the basis of all scien- 
tific education, extending through three years. 

"4. A three.years' course of MecJianics and Physics : Mechanics, embracing 
the principles of machinery and the manifold applications of power, Hydro- 
statics, Hydraulics, and Pneumatics; Physics, embracing the principles of 
Heat and its various effects in Evaporation, Kain and Dew, etc. ; the princi- 
ples of the Steam-engine; Electricity, Magnetism, and Electro-magnetism; 
Acoustics, Optics, and other physical subjects, the knowledge of which is 
necessary to the intelligent farmer and mechanic. 

" 5. A three years' course in Natural History and Geology. The course in 
Botany embraces the Structure and Physiology of Plants — i. e., how plants 
germinate and grow and feed — the nature of their food, the circulation of sap, 
the changes which it undergoes, etc. The connection of this course with 
Agriculture is close and direct. 

"The course in Zoology embraces Comparative Anatomy and Physiology, and 
the Laws of Reproduction in Animals. The connection of these subjects with 
stock-feeding and stock-breeding is evident. 

"The relation of Geology to Agriculture is scarcely less important, since 
soils are derived from the disintegration of rocks, and their nature and fertility 
are, therefore, largely determined by the character of the country rock. 



26 STATEMENT OF PROGRESS, 1872-5. 

"6. A course of Chemistry, general and analytical, embracing qualitative 
and quantitative analysis and laboratory work. The importance of this 
course, as forming the basis of scientific agriculture and many branches of 
arts, is evident. This extends from two to four years. 

"7. A course of Engineering and Surveying, which is important in its ap- 
plications to irrigation and reclamation of lands. 

"8. Courses in Astronomy, Physical Geography, and Political Econ- 
omy. 

*'9. Besides these eight courses, which provide such a liberal culture as 
every educated citizen should possess, and many portions of which have a 
close connection with practical agriculture and mechanical arts, a special course 
is given to the students in the Agricultural College, by the Professor of Agricult- 
ure, on the subjects relating more specifically to that department. 

**No special instruction is given in Applied Mechanics, except such as is 
given in the course of Mechanics and Physics, as no instructor has been pro- 
vided for this department. 

"The special instruction in Agriculture and Mechanic Arts is still defic- 
ient in desirable completeness. To meet ibis deficiency, the following sug- 
gestions are made: 

"1. Facilities for scientific and practical experiments in Agriculture and 
Horticulture, including a Botanic Garden and an Arboretum. 

'•2. Instruction in Economic Botany and Zoology, including the study 
of insects injurious to vegetation, as recommended in the reports of the Ee- 
gents. 

" 3. Special instruction in Applied Mechanics, as already recommended in 
the report of the Regents for 1873, pp. 29 and 30." 



COLLEGE OP AGRICULTURE. 

46. The most notewoi-thy changes in the College of Agri- 
culture are the appointment of a new professor in that depart- 
ment, the commencement of field and garden work, and 
the enlistment of special lecturers to supplement the regular 
instructions of the professor. 

The out-door work is subordinate and auxiliary to the 
class-room instructions of the Professor of Agriculture, but 
its general direction is intrusted by law to the Secretary. 
Under him an accomplished and experienced gardener has 
been employed. 

47. On the 1st of February, 1875, Secretary Stearns made 
the following report of the work which he had commenced. 
A more extended statement may be expected before the 
session of the Legislature ; 



UNIVERSITY OF CALIFORNIA. 27 

"On the first day of June, 1874, work in this department was commenced, 
and has been pursued with energy. 

" A portion of the grounds dedicated to practical agriculture has been 
thoroughly plowed, graded, and otherwise prepared by deep trenching and 
working over, for nursery purposes. 

" Two propagating-houses have been constructed and were ready for use in 
the latter part of August, 1874, and a commodious and convenient building 
for work-rooms, with suitable benches for potting and handling plants con- 
structed, with storage arrangements for prepared soil, pots, tools, etc., and 
a suitable office for gardener, and sleeping-room for watchman. 

"The propagating-houses are of the dimensions respectively of thirty by 
twenty feet, and sixty-four by fifteen feet, and in the rear of the latter is a lab- 
oratory pertaining to said houses, sixty-four feet in length by twelve feet in 
width; these buildings are arranged so as to facilitate the work, and so con- 
veniently placed that the whole is easily supervised by the gardener. 

"The propagation of plants of economic value, as well as such species as 
are more particularly required for the purpose of illustrating general botany, 
and ornamenting the grounds, in pursuance of the general plan devised by 
Mr. W. H. Hall, was at once commenced, and such vegetable forms as are val- 
uable to the pomologist, and necessary to illustrate floriculture and arboricult- 
ure, have already been produced in large numbers. The entire domain be- 
longing to the University includes two hundred acres, sloping to the west, a 
parallelogram in general shape, and presenting quite a diversified topography; 
its lower portion being about two hundred feet above the level of San Fran- 
cisco Bay, and rising toward the east into hills, the summits of which are 
about nine hundred feet above the sea-level. Some forty acres are reserved 
for agricultural purposes and experiments, and the remainder to illustrate the 
principles and methods of landscape ornamentation, forestry, botany and al- 
lied studies. 

" A well-designed and convenient barn, thirty-six by forty-four feet, and a 
story and a half in height, has been built, and the principal road which traverses 
the farming-grounds has been marked out and partly graded, to facilitate the 
farm work. 

"The propagating-houses were ready for use on the 22d day of Au- 
gust, since which date 10,000 plants of 20 species of eucalyptus, 5,000 aca- 
cias of 25 species, 200 species of native and foreign coniferae, also numerous 
rare forms peculiar to Australasia, South and Central America, and elsewhere, 
and many species of textile, medicinal, and other economic plants, have been 
produced. We may mention 112 varieties of roses, 13 of azaleas, 12 of ca- 
meUas, and six of magnolias, for ornamental purposes. 

" The planting of a standard orchard, for the purpose of correcting the 
nomenclature of the fruits already in cultivation, and for furnishing hereafter 
cions and plants for distribution through the State, as well as for the intro-. 
duction of new varieties to be distributed as above, has received proper con- 
sideration. The following have already been planted, and it is our intention 
to still further enlarge the list : 



• 



28 STATEMENT OF PROGRESS, 1872-5 



Apples 141 varieties. 

Siberian Crab-apples 11 *' 

Pears 152 '« 

Cherries 82 " 

Plums 57 '* 

Peaches 89 ** 

Apricots 22 " 

Quinces 2 " 

Nectarines 15 " 

Grapes 73 " 

Blackberries 7 •* 

Gooseberries 8 " 

Currants 8 ♦♦ 

Kaspberries ; 34: ** 

Strawberries 35 " 

Filberts 3 " 

Asparagus 1 <« 

Khubarb 16 " 

Mulberries 6 •* 

And all the species of walnuts and chestnuts. We have also procured many 
varieties of oranges, lemons, limes, etc. 

•' Among the apples are nine new Bussian varieties, and the peaches in- 
clude seventeen of Eivers' new seedlings. 

** Our thanks are due to many friends for plants and seeds of desirable va- 
rieties, both of ornamental and useful plants; especially so to Mr. Regent Bo- 
lander, Mr. S. Nolan, Dr. A. Kellogg, Mr. W. J. Fisher (Naturalist of the 
Tuscarora Telegraph Sounding Expedition) ; and to Dr. C. L. Anderson, of 
Santa Cruz, Cal., for choice species of willows, as well as to other parties 
who have presented smaller lots. 

**It is not to be expected, with our local climate and soil, that all of the 
above can be successfully grown at Berkeley, but it is altogether prolMfcle 
that many of them can be successfully cultivated, and we may be able to add 
more or less to the number of useful varieties now produced in the State." 

48. The gardener has utilized, so far as he could, the volun- 
tary labor of some of the students, paying for it a fair 
price — the same as is paid to other working persons of like 
capacity. Those students who are especially enrolled in 
the College of Agriculture have had the opportunity of be- 
coming acquainted with these out-of-door operations, and 
were required at the end of the first half-year to make re- 
ports upon the same. 

The out-door work may be considered partly as agricult- 
ural, partly as horticultural, partly as botanical, or it may 



UNIVERSITY OF CALIFORNIA. 29 

be regarded as having reference in part to the beautifying 
of the grounds, by planting upon them rare, useful, and 
ornamental trees, shrubs, flowers, etc., both native and ex- 
otic; and in part as having reference to the trial of experi- 
ments in the practical work of the farm or garden. 

49, During the present college year, three distinguished 
lecturers from other colleges in which technical instruction 
is made prominent have given courses of lectures at Berke- 
ley, and a miecellaneous course of lectures on agricultural 
subjects, by residents of California, has also been arranged. 
These lectures are given before the College of Agriculture, 
but are open to all persons who desire to attend them, 
whether members of the University or not. 

At a future time, other courses of lectures may be ex- 
pected; among them, a course by W. S. Clark, LL. D., 
President of the Massachusetts Agricultural College, Am- 
herst, and a course by Professor E. S. Morse, A. M., of the 
Peabody Institute, Salem, Mass. 

The lecturers and their subjects, for 1875, are as fol- 
low; 

"1. On the Analysis of Soils: by Professor Eugene W. Hilgard, Ph. Dr. 
of the University of Michigan. 

"2. On the Chemistry of Household Life: by Professor Eugene W. Hil- 
gard, Ph. Dr., of the University of Michigan. 

" 3. On Economic Botany; or the Plants which are Useful and Harmful in 
Human Industry: by Professor C. E. Bessey, M. S., of the Iowa Agricultural 
College. 

"4. On the Improvement of Varieties in Plants and Animals: by Professor 
C. E. Bessey, M. S., of the Iowa Agricultural College. 

"5. On Stock Breeding: by Professor W. H. Brewer, A. M., Botanist of 
the California Geological Survey, and Professor of Agriculture in the Sheffield 
Scientific School. 

"6. A miscellaneous course of subjects pertaining to agriculture. The 
following gentlemen have been invited to lecture: 

*• On Insects Injurious to Vegetation : Henry Edwards, Esq., San Fran- 
cisco. 

•* On Forestry: Professor H. N. Bolander, Sacramento. 

**0n Orange Culture: Dr. J. Strentzel, Martinez. 

"On Wheat: Horace Davis, Esq., San Francisco. 

** On Local Field Botany: Dr. W. P. Gibbons, Alameda; Dr. A. Kellogg, 
San Francisco. 



30 STATEMENT OF PROGRESS, 1872-5, 

"On Cotton Culture: J. W. A. Wright, M. A. 

"On the History of California Agriculture: W. B. Ewer, M. A., San 
Francisco. 

" On the Lower Forms of Vegetable Life: Dr. H. W. Harkness, San Fran- 
cisco. 

"On the Eucalyptus Tree: Mr. R. E. C. Stearns, Berkeley." 

College of mechanics. 

50. Instruction in the science of Meclianics has been 
given in the University by Professor John Le Conte since 
1870, but for the further development of the College of 
Mechanics, two new instructors have been appointed re- 
cently — Professor Hesse and Professor Hoffmann ; the for- 
mer to give instructions in Industrial Mechanics, and the 
latter in Industrial Drawing. These gentlemen are re- 
garded. as qualified in a high degree to give efficiency to 
this part of the University. Professor Hoffmann's classes 
are already well organized, and he has begun a collection 
of diagrams and models which will prove very helpful in 
his work. An order has been sent to Darmstadt for a col- 
lection of Schroeder models illustrative of the elements of 
mechanism, to be purchased at an outlay of $1,000, and 
their arrival may be soon expected. 

Professor Hesse began his service after the work of the 
year was so far in progress that it was not easy at the mo- 
ment to organize a class for his instruction, though he has 
offered to give special instruction to all who wish it. 

In the meantime, he has undertaken to make an investi- 
gation which will undoubtedly have a very important bear- 
ing upon the industries of this State — an investigation of 
the strength of the timbers which are grown upon the Pa- 
cific Coast. Accurate information is very much needed on 
this subject by all who are concerned in the use of woods. 
In order to devise a successful mode of procedure, a meet- 
ing was held in February of the present year, which was 
attended by most of the scientific professors in the Univer- 
sity, and by several well-known engineers and builders 
whose pursuits had caused them to pay particular attention 



UNIVERSITY OF CALIFORNIA. 31 

to the character of the woods of this coast. By their 
united suggestions, a plan was devised for the collection of 
specimens, and for determining accurately the circum- 
stances of growth. By the agency of the Central Pacific 
Railroad and Wells, Fargo & Co., these specimens will be 
collected from every part of the State and brought to Oak- 
land. Meanwhile, Mr. Hesse is engaged in the construc- 
tion of the instruments by which the woods will be tested. 
The results of this work will be communicated to the Leg- 
islature, and will be published for the benefit of all who are 
engaged in any department of construction. The sugges- 
tions of Professor Bessey, who took a lively interest in this 
matter, should here be gratefully mentioned. 

61. As a preliminary statement of what he has under- 
taken, Professor Hesse has given me the following note: 

Oakland, March 22, 1875. 

" Having been intrusted with the management of the experimental inquiry 
relating to the woods of the Pacific slope, I deem it proper, on the eve of 
your departure for the East, to give you a short synopsis of the progress made 
so far, and of my views as to its ultimate practical value. 

**I am justified in stating, that with the co-operation of the Pacific Eail- 
road Company, Wells, Fargo & Co., and the Scientific Department of the Uni- 
versity of California, results can be obtained more comprehensive, and, I 
hope, more thorough than any yet produced in the East or in Europe. Our 
slope is noted for the variety and quality of its timber, which has already at- 
tracted the attention of the manufacturing interests of Europe, and a knowl- 
edge of its properties will not only guide the manufacturer in its selection, but 
lead to new applications. 

" Circulars, containing questions calculated to elicit every possible kind of 
information, have been printed for the use of the collectors. The specimens, 
consisting of entire segments of the trunk, will be forwarded to San Francisco 
to undergo the process of seasoning. This preparatory work will naturally 
extend over quite a period of time, during which the tests are being made as 
fast as the specimens can be furnished. The students will assist in the ex- 
perimental tests, to get accustomed to the handling of instruments for experi- 
mental inquiry. 

•'At present I am engaged in the construction of the necessary appa- 
ratus to make the following experiments : 

"1. On the strength of direct cohesion of the fibres of wood. 

*' 2. On the lateral adhesion. 

*' 3. On the transverse strength. 

** The mechanical, action of the strain, which takes place in test 1, is by far 
the simplest, yet the most difficult to submit to actual experiment in wood. 



32 STATEMENT OF PROGRESS, 1872-5, 

And it is to some extent owing to this circumstance that so little agreement is 
found in the experimental results obtained heretofore. For this reason it has 
been my especial aim in the construction of the apparatus to remove all the 
objectionable features, which might prevent the obtaining of a reliable re- 
sult. The main points which claimed my attention in this connection have 
reference, 

" To the influence of vibrations during the test. 

**To the necessity of applying the strain in the direct line of the fibres 
and of the mathematical axis of the body to be tested. 

** To adapt ths apparatus to the testing of the lateral adhesion of the fibres 
of the wood. 

" I am confident in stating that the plan I have adopted completely covers 
these points. 

"The drawings are now in the hands of the pattern-makers, and I look to the 
completion of the test machine in a very short time. 

"I may mention here, that I attach great importance to test 2, for the 
following reasons : 

" The recognized formula for transverse strength is probably correct only for 
that material which presents the same cohesive strength in every direction, 
as is generally found in homogeneous substances. In most woods we find a 
very different condition. The lateral cohesion is often one-twentieth or less 
of the direct cohesion of the fibres. The established formula, which meas- 
ures the resisting force directly by the breadth, the square of the depth, and 
inversely by the length, is based on theoretic considerations, embracing only 
direct cohesion and compression, and assumes that lateral cohesion is suffi- 
cient to resist the resultant shearing forces. I doubt the correctness of such 
general assumption, and believe, moreover, that the elasticity of the wood, 
under the action of forces parallel to the fibres (shearing forces), ought to be 
separated in the formula. 

•' I have for this reason consulted the tests that were made by Buffon, under 
the auspices of the French government, as to the transverse strength of oak of 
various dimensions, and by far the most valuable ever made, both as respects 
the number and the size of the pieces of timber on which they were made. 
Now, if the old formula is correct, the constants computed from each of the 
above-mentioned experiments ought to approximate the total average result. 
But I found that these co-efficients decreased rapidly with an increase of the 
ratio of the depth with the length of beam, which seems practically to bear 
out the above assertion. 

*' I am at present engaged in the investigation of the distributed forces, to 
establish, if possible, that relation above mentioned, and if successful, the re- 
sults obtained from experiments can be applied so as to produce a more re- 
liable result, a point of great practical utility. 

** To Mr. Chauncey Taylor I have to express my thanks for his kindness in 
offering any facilities which his lumber-yard may afford, and also the results 
of his experience as to the best selection for my purpose. 

•* I must also mention in this connection Joseph Moore, the able Superin- 
tendent of the Risdon Iron Works, for having presented me with a steelyard, 
and for his readiness to assist the enterprise." 



UNIVERSITY OF ' CALIFORNIA. ■ 33 

52. The following circular has been issued in regard to 
this investigation. 

"The University of California, with the generous co-operation of raihroad 
engineers, and others practically interested in the investigations, proposes to 
make a thorough examination of Wie timbers grown and used on the Pacific Coast 
— especially for the purpose of ascertaining their strength, durability, and 
adaptation to various industrial, engineering, architectural, mechanical, and 
manufacturing purposes. 

*' The result of these investigations will be reported to the Legislature and 
published for the benefit of the people in this State and at a distance. The 
suggestions and co-operation of scientific and practical men vrill be greatly 
appreciated. 

•' By the agency of the C. P. E. K. Co., S. P. B. K. Co., and Wells, Fargo & 
Co., specimens will be collected and brought to the University. The me- 
chanical tests will be made by F. G. Hesse, Oakland, Professor of Industrial 
Mechanics, and he will be assisted in other departments of the investigation 
by the professors of Botany, Agriculture, Chemistry, Physics, and Engi- 
neering. 

" In connection with this work, the collections of the University in Econom- 
ic Botany and Vegetation will be increased. Interesting specimens for the 
Museum are solicited. Communications on the subject may be addressed to 
the Secretary of the University. 

"NOTES TO ACCOMPANY EACH SPECIMEN: 

"Number. 

*' Collector's name. 

"Date when cut. 

"Name of Tbee: Common and Local. [If several names are known, 
mention them.] Botanical. 

"Place wheee grown: State. County. Altitude. [Near summit, or foot 
of mountain, and on what side.] 

" Whether native growth or cultivated. 

"Whether isolated or surrounded by other trees of the same kind; if 
otherwise, state what kind of trees. 

"Exposure. 

* ' Nature of soil, moist or dry. 

" Knowledge of the durability of wood. 

"General condition of the tree, height, age, health, or soundness. 

" Directions for Cutting. — Cut segments of the trunk five feet long; one, 
from five to ten feet above ground, according to size of tree ; another in middle, 
and one near top. Collect foliage, branches, and fruit (including acorns, 
cones, seeds, etc.), to ascertain the botanical name. Mark on each piece the 
number of the tree (corresponding with the label), the collector's name, and 
whether cut above ground, at the middle, or top; and also the north point of 
compass. Include forest trees, acclimated, and second growth." 



34 STATEMENT OF PROGRESS, 1872-5, 

COLLEGE OF ENGINEERING. 

53. The College of Engineering was organized after the 
appointment of Professor Soule, in 1871, and has been 
steadily strengthened from year to year. The services of 
Mr. Hoffmann are already found to be of great value to the 
students of this course. The preliminary mathematical 
studies, which are taught with great thoroughness during 
the first two years of the University curriculum, give a sub- 
stantial foundation for the later professional studies of civil, 
mining, and mechanical engineering. A subdivision of this 
course, with reference to the profession of the architect, 
will doubtless, at some future day, be desirable. 

This department has an excellent collection of instruments, 
including transits, levels, barometers, etc., which are con- 
stantly used in field work by the students; a superior plane- 
table and a solar compass have been ordered. It has also 
the beginning of a collection, made by Professor Soule, of 
models of engineering construction, arches, domes, roof 
and bridge trusses, etc. It has also a valuable cabinet, ex- 
hibiting the woods and metals used in construction, artificial 
stones, cements, preserved woods, etc. Among its maps 
and diagrams are many of those published by the U. S. 
Coast Survey, U. S. Lake Survey, U. S. Engineer Corps. 

The study of astronomy is aided by globes and astronom- 
ical diagrams, by the plates illustrative of the heavenly 
bodies, published by the Observatory at Cambridge, and by 
the photographs taken at Mr. Rutherford's Observatory.. 
By the liberality of the War Department, several valuable 
astronomical instruments have been recently loaned to the 
University. 

COLLEGE OF CHEMISTRY. 

54. The College of Chemistry was organized after the re- 
turn of Professor Rising from Europe, and his commence- 
ment of work in the autumn of 1872. The completion of 
extensive and well arranged laboratories, the appointment 
of several assistants, and the introduction of practical labor- 



UNIVERSITY OF CALIFORNIA. 35 

atory exercises as a part of tlie elementary instruction in 
chemistry of all the University students, and the engagement 
of a lecturer on metallurgy, are among the measures which 
have given a rapid development to this college. Its course 
of studies has been carefully arranged for those who can 
remain four years; but ample facilities are afforded to all 
who wish for the opportunity to make for a shorter time 
a specialty of chemistry. 

Professor Rising has furnished me with the following 
account of the Laboratories for Analytical Chemistry : 

"These were planned after the most careful study of the newest and best- 
arranged laboratories of this country and Europe, with the aid and adyice of 
many experienced teachers of analytical chemistry. They are commodious, 
convenient, well-lighted, and adapted to the study of analytical chemistry in 
all its branches and to the carrying on of original research. 

* ' The Qualitative Laboratory, on the first floor, is thirty by fifty feet, 
with a southern exposure, and is lighted by nine large windows and well 
ventilated. On the sides of the room are six evaporating niches, closed by 
glass slides, where acids and the like substances may be evaporated and the 
fumes entirely excluded from the building. A sand-bath inclosed by a glass 
hood and provided with a good ventilating flue for evaporations; a muffle for 
drying, roasting, and igniting substances; and a furnace for fusions, furnish 
the needed facilities for all chemical operations in the laboratory which re- 
quire direct heat. 

"The room contains eight working-tables, each table intended for four stu- 
dents, thus accommodating thirty- two. These tables are nearly an exact copy of 
those in the University Laboratory at Berlin, and are very complete and con- 
venient. Each student is supplied with water and sink, etc., and has a com- 
plete set of re-agents under his control. The tables are also provided with gas 
connections, and gas will soon be supplied to the laboratory. 

' * A small room intended for a sulphureted-hydrogen room, and provided 
with hood, tables, sink, etc., connects with this main room. 

" Another room, also connecting with the main laboratory, is intended for 
a re-agent and apparatus room, but is temporarily used as a laboratory for 
elementary chemistry. 

•' Adjoining the sulphureted-hydrogen room, but not connected with it, is 
a room designed for gas analysis. 

•' Another room on the same floor was designed for toxicology, but is now 
used for another purpose. 

'* On the second floor, immediately above the Qualitative Laboratory, is 
the Quantitative Laboratory, also thirty by fifty feet, with very high ceilings 
and well-lighted. This room, like the one below, is provided with evaporat- 
ing niches and eight students' desks of black walnut, and accommodates the 
same number of students (thirty-two). A sand and steam-bath, with hood 



36 STATEMENT OF PROGRESS, 1872-5, 

and drying ovens, supplies the needed accommodations for evaporation, dry- 
ing precipitates, etc. ; also, all the distilled water needed in the laboratories. 
A number of Bunsen's filter pumps supplies an abundant opportunity for 
rapid filtration. Glass cases on either side of the main entrance to the 
Quantitative Laboratory are intended to contain a chemical cabinet. Here 
are to be placed collections of chemical compounds neatly put up and labeled, 
and systematically arranged. They are placed where they must be almost 
constantly seen by the students, and are intended for instruction. The ven- 
tilation of this room is also good. 

" Connecting with this room is a fusion and re-agent room. This room 
contains a blast lamp, conveniences for organic analysis, a hood with ven- 
tilating flue, shelves and cases for re-agents, etc. 

*' Convenient to the main laboratory is a balance room, supplied with 
three of Becker's best balances. This number will be increased as the needs 
of the department demand. The room also contains a few scales for rougher 
weighing. 

*'A private laboratory for the Professor of Chemistry connects with the 
Quantitative Laboratory. This is of moderate size, and is supplied with two 
working-tables like those in the main room, but smaller. It also contains a table 
with pneumatic cistern, sink, cupboard, cases, shelves, drawers, etc. Here the 
finer apparatus, glass-ware, etc., to be used in research, is stored. 

"Laboratory for Elementary Chemistry. — This laboratory was not 
provided for in the original plan. The most available room for the purpose 
was the apparatus room of the Qualitative Laboratory, and this room is used 
for that purpose until a better place can be provided. It is very plainly fitted 
up with shelves, tables, cases, and cupboards, and accommodates at one time 
twelve students. 

•• All the students of the University, at some time during their course, must 
complete a course of practical chemistry in the laboratory. The rapidly in- 
creasing number of students in the University will soon make it necessary 
to provide a larger and more convenient room for this purpose. 

" Chemical, Lecture-room. — The room immediately above the Quanti- 
tative Laboratory was designed for a chemical lecture - room. It is pro- 
vided with a long lecture-table, at one end of which is a sink and pneumatic 
cistern. Underneath the sink and cistern are two gasometers, which are to 
supply oxygen and hydrogen when wanted during the lecture. At the end of 
the table is a mercury cistern, a flue for carrying off noxious gases, etc. Back 
of the table are two evaporating niches, a blackboard, etc., and on either 
side cases for chemicals and apparatus needed for illustration of lectures. A 
small hoist connects with the laboratory below. 

" The seats are arranged in rows, one above the other, so that the view of 
the lecture-table is never obstructed. 

•' The room itself is exceedingly pleasant; it is thirty by fifty feet, twenty- 
three feet high, and lighted with a large skylight covered with ground glass, 
and four large windows. 

"Chemical Apparatus for the Use of Students. — The Laboratories for 
Elementary and Analytical Chemistry are supplied with the apparatus needed 
in the prosecution of the study of these branches. This is loaned to the 



UNIVERSITY OF CALIFORNIA. 37 

students, and may be retnrned to the Laboratory without charge if not damaged. 

•• The Laboratory has two spectroscopes for the use of students, and when 
gas is suppKed every student of chemistry will have an opportunity of becom- 
ing practically acquainted with their use. 

" The Laboratory has a good supply of such apparatus as may be needed 
in carrying on original investigations. 

" Chemical Appabatus fob Illustrating Lectubes. — This includes a set 
of Hoffmann's apparatus for illustrating volumetric composition, made by 
Geisler at Berlin, a Bunsen battery, induction coil, glass-ware, crystal models, 
collections of minerals, diagrams, etc. A set of furnace models, manufactured 
by Schuhmann of Freiberg, is soon to arrive. 

"The total cost of chemical apparatus, including that for the use of 
students and for illustrating lectures, was about $8,000." 

COLLEGE OF MINES. 

55. This department has recently been organized under 
the direction of Professor Ashburner, and its plans will be 
developed as fast as the funds are provided. During the 
coming year, Dr. Becker will instruct in Metallurgy, and 
Professor Hilgard will form a class in Mineralogy, and this 
will be in addition to the instructions given as heretofore 
by the Professors Le Conte, Rising, and others. 

The geological and mineralogical collections of the Uni- 
versity are very extensive, and are now being arranged, as 
elsewhere stated, by Mr. H. G. Hanks. 

LECTURES ON THE USEFUL ARTS. 

56. In connection with the Colleges of Mining, Mechan- 
ics, Engineering, and Chemistry, arrangements were made 
during the session of 1874-5, for the delivery at Berkeley 
of various special lectures upon subjects relating to useful 
arts. TJiese lectures are in addition to the systematic and 
prolonged instruction given to the classes by the professors 
in Geology, Physics, Mechanics, Chemistry, Engineering, 
and other brai^ches of study. Special lectures are open to 
all who wish to attend them, whether members of the Uni- 
versity or not. 

•* 1. A course of Lectures on the Useful Metals; by Dr. George F. Becker 
graduate of the Koyal School of Mines, Berlin. 

" Subjects discussed— Metallurgy as a Science; Fuel, Kefractory Material, 
and Furnaces; Lead; Copper; Mercury; Silver; Gold; Zinc; Iron." 

4 



38 STATEMENT OF PROGRESS, 1872-5, 

Single lectures on the following subjects: 

•* 2. On MiDing as a Profession: by "William Ashburner, Professor of Min- 
ing, University of California. 

"3. On the Science of Mechanics: by Frederick G. Hesse. Professor of 
Mechanics, University of California. 

•*4. On Industrial or Mechanical Drawing: by John D. Hoffmann, In- 
structor in Industrial Drawing, University of California. 

•'5. On the Proposed Improvement of Oakland Harbor (San Leandro 
Creek): by Julian Le Conte, C. E., Oakland. 

"6. On the Geodetic Survey of Colorado, under Dr. Hayden: by A. D. 
"Wilson, and F. Ehoda, Ofl&cerB of the U. S. Geological Survey of the Terri- 
tories, "Washington, D. C. 

"7. On the Present State of the Art of Telegraphy: by James Gamble, 
and S. D. Field, of the "Western Union Telegraph Company, San Francisco. 

"8. On Electro-metallurgy: by Dr. A. Kellogg, San Francisco. 

*' 9. On the Timbers in Common Use: by Professor C. E. Bessey, of the 
Iowa College of Agriculture. 

** 10. On the Preservation of "Woods: by I. C. "Woods, of the "Wood Preserv- 
ing "Works, San Francisco. 

"11. On Coal as a Raw Material: by Professor "W. H. Brewer, of the 
Sheffield Scientific School, Yale College." 

57. While prominence is given to technical and scientific 
instruction, the University of California is so organized that 
literary, historical, and philosophical studies are not neg- 
lected. The Regents have been impartial in their plans for 
the development of all departments of the University, fully 
recognizing the responsibility which the law places upon 
them to maintain a " College of Letters" as well as " Col- 
leges of Science." All scientific students connected with 
the University are expected to devote a part of their at- 
tention to literary subjects, just as all the literary students 
receive instruction in the natural sciences. Important as 
technical instruction may be, the State of California can not 
afi:brd to neglect the study of man; and its University 
would be unworthy of the name of university, if ample pro- 
vision were not made for the study of language, literature, 
morals, history, and art, or if the methods of accumulating 
material wealth were represented to her youth, in the 
highest educational institution of the Pacific Coast, as more 
important than the methods of forming character and pro- 
moting culture. 



UNIVERSITY OF CALIFORNIA. 39 

COLLEGE OF LETTERS. 

58. The College of Letters now offers two courses of in- 
struction, one of which is chiefly based upon Ancient Lan- 
guages and Literature; the other, upon Modern. The 
former is called the Classical Course ; the other, the Liter- 
ary. The Classical Course needs no explanation here. It 
corresponds with that of other classical colleges, and leads 
to the degree of Bachelor of Arts. The Literary Course is 
quite new in our University. It corresponds during the 
first two years with the scientific courses above enumerated, 
and during the last two years provides a liberal training in 
modern languages, history, and literature, and in those de- 
partments of science taught in the University which are of 
the most general interest. It leads to the degree of Bach- 
elor of Philosophy. 

59. Special prominence has always been given in this insti- 
tution to the study of the continental languages of Europe. 
In this department there is now a professor, qualified to 
teach French, German, Spanish, and Italian ; and there are 
three special instructors in addition — one in French, one in 
German, and one in Spanish. Every student who takes a 
degree is expected to be familiar with French and German, 
and he may at his option pursue also the study of Spanish 
and Italian. Special students are received in these studies. 

60. In the Classical department or college the Professor of 
Ancient Languages, Mr. Kellogg, has commenced the de- 
livery of extended courses of lectures on Ancient Literature 
and Archaeology, in the illustration of which he is greatly 
assisted by the photographs, diagrams, maps, and coins, 
which have been presented to the institution chiefly by Mr. 
C. W. Howard. The pronunciation of Latin according to 
what is called "the continental method" is now taught. 

For the most fruitful conduct of this department (steadily 
increasing in numbers), it seems important that still more 
time be given to courses of lectures. These condense the 
results of much study, and bring before the students con- 
nected views of ancient life, literature, politics, and philos- 



40 STATEMENT OF PROGRESS, 1872-5. 

opty ; topics whicli deeply interest the student of the an- 
cient world, and have important bearings on the literature, 
the thought, the government, and the political life of mod- 
ern times. 

The Senior Instructor in this department should have 
time for courses of lectures — longer or shorter — to each of 
the four classes, in each half of the academic year, viz: 

To the Freshmen — On Ancient Geography; on the Classical Side of En- 
glish. 

To the Juniors — On Greek and Boman Mythology; on Greek and Roman 
Archaeology. 

To the Sophomores— On the Latin Authors; on the Greek Authors, 

To the Seniors — On Greek and Roman Literature ; on Greek and Roman 
Politics; on Greek and Roman Philosophy; on Linguistics. 

Three or four of these courses are already in progress. 
But to carry out the whole plan, involving more than one 
hundred carefully prepared lectures each year, which must 
be freshened and renewed continually by the latest investi- 
gations and authorities, the lecturer must be relieved from 
a larger share of text-book recitations. He now has eight 
recitations a week, besides three courses of lectures. 

This is only one of many ways in which the instruction 
in this department may be made wider and more effective. 
The class-room drill is all-important, and will soon demand 
the subdivision of each class. One of the Latin classes has 
this year been reciting in two sections; one of the Greek 
classes so recited last year. 

61. In respect to the Literary course, the following notes 
have been made by one of the chief instructors in it (Pro- 
fessor Sill): 

" The Literary course, inaugurated at the beginning of this year, has proved 
already very attractive. Of the Junior class sixteen are pursuing this course, 
including special students, making nearly a quarter of the regular class in this 
one of the seven courses open to them. 

"In the Sophomore class it is impossible to tell how many will enter as 
Literary students, since their choice is not manifested till next year; but from 
the number who are availing themselves of the opportunity to make up their 
deficiency in Latin (which is required for this course), and from other indi- 
cations, it is believed that they will number more than the preceding 
class. 



UNIVERSITY OF CALIFORNIA. 41 

" Of the Freshman class there is reason to expect a still larger portion will 
choose the Literary course. 

"The attractiveness of this line of studies newly opened to them is indi- 
cated by the fact that of the whole number of special students, one-half are 
enrolled in the Literary course. 

"Some idea of its scope may be gained from the work of the present 
term. 

"The Junior class is midway in March's 'Comparative Grammar of the 
Anglo-Saxon and Kindred Languages,' and is just commencing to read the 
Anglo-Saxon Gospel in Corson's * Handbook of Anglo-Saxon and Early En- 
glish.' They have besides a weekly exercise in Literary History and Biog- 
raphy, calling for written results of special investigations of their own. Each 
week, also, they prepare and read an essay in some special style of literary 
effort. 

" The Sophomore and Freshman classes, as the schedule is at present con- 
stituted, all have the same studies (except the classical students), whatever 
course they may be expecting to choose in Junior year. Of these various 
studies, much less time is given to those which look toward English culture, 
and the Literary course in particular, than toward the courses of Natural 
Science, etc. This is unfortunate ; especially as their preparatory training is 
much less satisfactory on this side than on the side of Mathematics and Clas- 
sics. The Sophomore class are just finishing Whateley's * Rhetoric. ' They 
have weekly an exercise in writing and reading essays in different branches of 
composition. 

"The Freshman class are about finishing Hadley's * Brief History of the 
English Language.' They also have a weekly composition exercise. 

" The entire Junior class, as well as those in the Literary course proper, 
are studying Taine's * History of English Literature.' 

"The whole Senior class have a weekly exercise in literary study, with 
essays. 

" It may be noted as an encouraging sign for this side of culture, that the 
students show a genuine appetite for whatever English or literary advantages 
are opened to them. Our Library is visited all day long by groups of quiet, 
earnest workers, whose faces as well as their persistent diligence show their 
appreciation of what has been done for them in that direction. The compo- 
sition classes, too, besides plenty of chance indications constantly showing 
themselve? here and there, speak of the growing presence of that spirit of lit- 
erary and intellectual force and refinement, which the world over makes the 
English * gentleman and scholar.' 

"What we need in the English studies is a larger share of time, in the con- 
duct of studies; better preparatory training, as the first way of saving time, 
and more books in both the Reference and Circulating Libraries." 

62. Arrangements have been made during the session of 
1874-5, for the delivery at Berkeley of various special lect- 
ures upon historical and literary subjects, in addition to 
the systematic instruction given to the classes by the pro- 



42 STATEMENT OF PROGRESS, 1872-5, 

feasors and instructors. Special lectures are open to all 
who wish to attend them, whether members of the Univer- 
sity or not. 

Among others, the following lectures have been an- 
nounced : 

"1. On the study of Modern Languages: by P. Pioda, Professor of Modem 
Languages. 

" 2. On the study of English: by E. R. Sill, Professor of English. 

* ' 3. On the study of Spanish: by C. P. Gompertz, Instructor in Spanish. 

**4. On "Schiller's 'Song of the Bell:' by A. Putzker, Instructor in Ger- 
man. 

** 5. On the Crimean War (in French): by G. De Kersaint-Gily, Instructor 
in French. 

•* 6. On Scottish Poetry: by Hon. H. H. Haight, San Francisco. 

•*7. On a subject to be announced: by Rev. H. Stebbins, D. D., San 
Francisco. 

"8. On a subject to be announced: by Hon. S. H. Phillips, San Fran- 
cisco. 

" 9. On the Literary and Scientific Progress of California during twenty- 
five years (1849-74) : by William C. Bartlett, Esq., San Francisco. 

"10. On Gesture Language: by Prof. Wilkinson, Principal of the Califor- 
nia Institution for the Deaf, Dumb, and Blind, Berkeley. 

**11. On the History of Explorations of the Rocky Mountains: by W. H. 
Brewer, Professor in Yale College. 

**12. A Course of Lectures on Constitutional Law: by Hon. Stephen J. 
Field, one of the Justices of the U. S. Supreme Court, Professor of Law in the 
University of California.*' 

MEDICAL COLLEGE. 

63. On the fourth of March, 1873, a communication was 
received by the Regents, from the Trustees of the Toland 
Medical College, proposing to convey all the property of 
that institution to the University of California. The gift 
included land, building, and apparatus, and was made in 
the name of the original donor, Dr. H. H. Toland. 

This unconditional gift was accepted by the Regents, 
who were thus brought, at once, to the consideration of 
organizing a medical department. An effort was made to 
unite the two medical faculties then existing in San Fran- 
cisco, but it was not successful. As a preliminary arrange- 
ment most of the medical gentlemen who had been con- 



UNIVERSITY OF CALIFORNIA. 43 

nected with the Toland College, together with several 
gentlemen appointed by the Regents from other parts of 
the State, consented to carry forward the usual courses of 
instruction, without any other compensation than that 
which might be received from fees. 

64. In order to determine upon a plan for the organiza- 
tion of this department on a permanent and satisfactory 
basis, the Regents requested a large committee of medical 
men to consider and report such suggestions as seemed to 
them wise. Two reports were received from this com- 
mittee, but neither one seemed to the Regents entirely 
satisfactory. Both left the medical department behind the 
other departments of the University, in its standard of re- 
quirements for admission, wjien it should be decidedly in 
advance. These reports were received and laid upon the 
table. Several of the professors have since resigned, and 
the question of the future has been referred to the Advisory 
Committee to consider and report upon. Two courses of 
lectures have been given and two classes have been gradua- 
ted under the authority of the Regents. 

ORIENTAL COLLEGE. 

65. By the terms of a gift of Mr. Tompkins, the Regents 
have come under obligations to establish and maintain a 
professorship of Oriental Languages, especially of Chinese 
and Japanese. Letters have already been exchanged with 
an eminent scholar in Chinese, with reference to his accept- 
ance of this chair. 

66. At the opening of Congress in December, 1873, Pres- 
ident Grant recommended that the Japanese Indemnity 
Fund be devoted to educational purposes. Subsequently, 
the following bill was brought before the United States 
Senate, by Hon. A. A. Sargent, and referred to the Com- 
mittee on Foreign Relations. Its purport is, to bestow an- 
nually the income which shall be derived from the " Japa- 
nese Indemnity Fund" upon a board of seven trustees. These 
trustees are to maintain, in connection with the University 



44 STATEMENT OF PROGRESS, 1872-5, 

of California, "an Oriental College," which will have 
three objects: 1. To promote international acquaintance 
and good-will, by assembling a body of learned teachers 
who shall inquire into and make known the languages, 
laws, religions, and political institutions of the Orient; 2. 
To afford young Americans an opportunity to fit themselves 
for diplomatic, consular, mercantile, and scientific careers 
in Asia; and 3. To give to young Japanese an opportunity 
to become acquainted with the civilization of the western 
nations. 

"A BiLii MAKING Peovision FOB AN Okiental COLLEGE. — Be it enacted^ 
etc., That the Secretary of the Treasury is hereby authorized and directed to 
invest the proceeds of the Indemnity Fund paid by the government of Japan 
to the government of the United States, under the convention of Simonoseki 
of October 22, 1864, now remaining in the Treasury, in five per centum gold- 
bearing bonds of the United States, and to annually pay the income thereof 
to seven trustees, to be appointed by the President of the United States, for 
the uses hereinafter mentioned. 

•*Sec. 2. That the President of the United States shall appoint, by and 
with the advice and consent of the Senate, a board of seven trustees, to serve 
without pay, and from time to time, as vacancies occur in said board, shall 
fill such vacancies; which said trustees shall maintain, in connection with 
the University of California, and with such other institutions of learning as 
may seem likely to promote the purposes of this endowment, an Oriental 
College, the object of which shall be to promote a knowledge of the languages, 
history, religions, laws, manners, resources, and commercial relations of 
Asiatic countries, for the sake of increasing international friendship and inter- 
course; and also to afiford American youths an opportunity to fit themselves 
foi residence and service in the Orient, as diplomatic or consular agents and 
interpreters, or for private careers; and also to afford Japanese youths an op- 
portunity to pursue their education in this country under favorable circum- 
stances. 

" Sec. p. That said trustees shall annually, upon meeting of Congress, 
report to the President of the United States the financial and educational 
condition of their trust." 

The Overland Monthly said, in respect to this proposition : 

** It is obvious that if such a college is to be established in this country 
there are many reasons why it should be placed in the neighborhood of San 
Francisco. Through this harbor, in all time to come, intercourse will be main- 
tained between the United States and Asiatic countries. Here it is that young 
Chinese and Japanese students first arrive ; here are already liberal oppor- 
tunities for them to acquire a knowledge of the sciences and arts of our western 
culture. The University of California, from the time of its opening, has stood 



UNIVERSITY OF CALIFORNIA. 45 

open to students from any State or country, free from all charges for tuition. 
The climate of the Pacific Coast is more favorable than that of the Atlantic 
for those who come from the Orient. A knowledge of Japan and the other 
countries of Asia is especially important to the people of California, who, partly 
by necessity and partly by preference, must always maintain close relations 
with the countries upon the opposite shores of the Pacific." 

MANUAL LABOR AND PECUNIARY ASSISTANCE. 

67. One of the best characteristics of the American col- 
leges is the bringing together, on terms of equality, free 
from artificial and conventional distinctions, young men of 
different pecuniary conditions. The sons of the rich and 
of the needy grow up side by side, and the honors which 
they receive from one another and from the faculty are 
bestowed without any reference to the homes from which 
they come. Thus year after year man}^ of the highest distinc- 
tions are bestowed upon those whose struggles for an ed- 
ucation have been carried on in the face of extreme poverty 
and sometimes of other great embarrassments. In the Uni- 
versity of California, as in other kindred institutions, the 
honors of literary and scientific distinction are thus bestowed 
upon the most meritorious, without any reference to their 
antecedent training. It is a great advantage of a system of 
public education, particularly in this country, that it brings 
together on terms of complete scholastic equality those 
whose material circumstances differ so widely. Almost 
every college of the country has found it expedient in some 
way or other to provide suitable encouragement to young 
persons while pursuing their courses of study. During four 
years of the history of the University of California, there 
were five scholarships the incumbents of which received each 
an income of three hundred dollars per year, from the begin- 
ning to the end of their course, and some of the most merit- 
orious scholars here graduated owe their education to this 
timely assistance ; but the change in the law effected by the 
Political Code abolished these scholarships, and no such aid 
is now given. 

68. The authorities of the University, however, have 



46 STATEMENT OF PROGRESS, 1872-5, 

done all in their power to throw into the hands of those 
who wished it opportunities to earn money in various ways. 
Some students have given private instruction to other 
students who needed assistance in their studies; others 
have been employed on holidays and in vacations and in 
their leisure hours in rendering assistance in various manual 
occupations, both in work upon the grounds and else- 
where; some have taken care of the buildings, and some of 
the heating apparatus. 

69. Another agency by which many have found it conveni- 
ent to add to their income has been employment in the Print- 
ing-office. The Printing-office was commenced soon after 
the University was removed to Berkeley, by the purchase 
of type and a press at a cost of $1,350, which was given to 
the University by one of the Regents. Subsequently, the 
Regents appropriated the sum of $2,500 for the pur- 
pose of expanding this office. It has been found an 
exceedingly convenient part of the apparatus at Berke- 
ley, and has been the means also of imparting to many of 
the students a knowledge of a useful art and of enabling 
many deserving persons to add considerably to their income. 
So far as students have desired work in connection with the 
farm and garden they have been allowed the opportunity, and 
in this, as in all other cases, have been paid the usual wages 
for their labor. At the same time it should never be forgotten 
that the scholastic duties of the various courses of instruc- 
tion are so severe as to task all the powers of the young 
men who are here studying, and to diminish their ca- 
pacity for manual labor. The ability to add to one's in- 
come by hard work while pursuing a course of study varies 
very much with individuals. Some are able to do a great 
deal in this way without impairing their standing as 
scholars; but, as a general rule, it is obvious that the chief 
business of every student should be the mastery of his 
lessons. 

A Students' Loan Association has been organized by a 
number of liberal gentlemen, though as yet no funds have 



UNIVERSITY OF CALIFORNIA. 47 

been paid in. To this association we may look witli con- 
fidence for aid in the future to deserving students. 

INSTRUCTION OF YOUNG WOMEN. 

70. When the University of California was organized its 
doors were freely opened to all properly qualified students 
above a certain age. Young ladies were admitted as well 
as young men, and the invitation was freely extended to 
students from any country and from any State, without ref- 
erence to their race or condition, to avail themselves of the 
advantages here freely bestowed. The number of young 
ladies who have been taught in the institution from its 
foundation has been as follows: in 1870-71, 8; 1871-72, 27; 
1872-73, 39; 1873-74, 22; 1874-75, 39. One of these has 
graduated; twelve are now members of regular courses of 
instruction, as candidates for degrees. But by far the 
larger number of these young ladies have^ been attendants 
upon special courses of instruction, especially upon the 
lessons of the professors of modern languages. The scholar- 
ship of those who have entered the regular Courses of in- 
struction has for the most part been excellent, and in some 
cases has been of the very highest rank. Among the 
regular students the proportion of ladies who have been 
good scholars has been greater than that of young men. 

THE LIBRARY. 

71. The general reference library of the University is now 
placed on the main floor of the south hall. This is regarded 
as only a temporary arrangement until a proper building 
can be constructed. The reason for the selection of this 
room was its accessibility, its light and cheerful character, 
and the fire-proof construction of the building. The library 
is arranged by subjects in alcoves and in cases, which are 
handsomely made with reference to their removal in the 
right time to a new building. The library remains quite 
small, but is an excellent nucleus for a college library, 
especially in English and French books. There are but 



48 STATEMENT OF PROGRESS, 1872-5, 

few in other languages. The nucleus of the library is de- 
rived from an appropriation by the Regents, of $5,000, 
made several years ago, and expended chiefly under 
the direction of the Library Committee. To this have 
been added numerous generous gifts from individuals, the 
most noteworthy of which are the following: A collection 
of cyclopedias, and other works of reference, from Mr. E. 
L. Goold; the literary and art books, with some scientific 
treatises, which belonged to the late Mr. Pioche, and which 
are for the most part, very handsomely bound; the library 
of Dr. Lieber (which was particularly full in works pertain- 
ing to political and social science, and included many rare 
tracts and pamphlets), the gift of Michael Reese; and the 
professional library of the late Dr. Fourgeaud, consisting 
of several hundred volumes, well-bound, of medical works 
in French and English. The legislature of the State, in 
1873, made a special appropriation of the sum of $4,800 
for the increase of the librar}', and with this amount 
large accessions are about to be made. The number of 
volumes is about 12,000, or more than double what it was 
in 1872. 

72. It is intended that the main library of the University 
shall be chiefly a reference library, so that scholars in any 
department may be sure of finding upon the shelves the 
various treatises which they wish to consult; consequently 
permission to draw books from this library is given only in 
exceptional cases. But in building up the reference library 
it is necessary to keep in mind also the need of supplying 
the students with books which they can take to their 
rooms with freedom; and consequently a branch circulating 
library has been begun in the north hall. This circulating 
library is made up, in part, from the duplicate books be- 
longing to the main library, and in part from the gifts of 
individuals, among whom the members of the senior class 
of 1875 are particularly entitled to recognition. Two other 
branch libraries have also been begun. The best and most 
important books pertaining to the science of agriculture 



UJOVERSITY OF CALIFORNIA. 49 

have been transferred to the lecture-room of the Professor 
of Agriculture, and some of those pertaining to the useful 
arts will be in a like manner made accessible to professors 
and teachers in the rooms devoted to instruction in Me- 
chanics. The gift of Mr. Pioche, and the gifts of other in- 
dividuals, have made it possible to begin also a group of 
books relating particularly to the fine arts. In due time it 
is hoped that every one of the chief rooms of instruction 
will be furnished with the books which pertain to the studies 
there pursued. Thus the rooms devoted to modern lan- 
guages should be supplied with the best dictionaries, gram- 
mars, and standard literary works. There should be a 
reference mathematical library within easy reach of the 
instructors of Mathematics. And so in Engineering, in 
Chemistry, in historical and political subjects, the books 
most constantly needed by professors or students should be 
within easy reach. Thus the main library would be to the 
University a general store-house, a place of resort for the 
professors and students when they wished to prosecute their 
studies, while the instruments needed for daily service 
would be kept within easy reach, in the ordinary places of 
study and instruction. It is proposed that the room com- 
monly called the Young Men's Reading-room, or Club- 
room, on the lower floor of the north hall, be supplied with 
the current magazines and newspapers, and made accessible 
at all hours of the day. It would be a great advantage to 
the University if some one of the library rooms could be light- 
ed and opened by night, in order thus to encourage the use 
of books in the leisure hours which are at command of the 
various students. 

73. In speaking of the library, special attention should be 
called to the fact that a very large collection ha^ been made 
of newspapers illustrative of the history of California. 
Among the extended sets which have been given by various 
individuals, the following are noteworthy: the New York 
Times, the Sacramento Union, the San Francisco Chronicle, 
first series, the San Francisco Bulletin, the Alia California, 



50 STATEMENT OF PROGRESS, 1872-5, 

and the Herald, It is very desirable that as the library 
grows this department should be steadily increased, and in 
other ways the effort should be put forth to bring together 
everything in the way of books, pamphlets, periodicals, and 
newspapers, which may throw light upon the history of the 
Pacific Coast. 

students' lodging-houses. 

74. Upon the removal of the University to" Berkeley, the 
Eegents at first determined to do nothing toward the es- 
tablishment of lodging-houses for the scholars, but to 
depend entirely upon private persons to supply the requisite 
homes. They caused advertisements to^,be inserted in the 
newspapers, and announcements to be otherwise publicly 
made to this effect, but after months of delay it became 
evident that private individuals w^ould do but little for the 
supply of homes. Efforts were made to form associations 
for the purpose of providing homes or halls in the neighbor- 
hood of the University; but these efforts have not yet suc- 
ceeded. 

75. The Regents were therefore compelled to construct a 
few houses upon their own grounds, and at their own ex- 
pense, for the use of students. Eight cottages, each of them 
adapted to ten students, were accordingly constructed upon 
a convenient plan and of tasteful appearance. Volunteer 
clubs were formed among the students to hire these cottages, 
at a rental of $300 per annum, or |30 per month during the 
year of instruction. Each cottage contains five rooms of 
large size (each designed to be occupied by two persons), a 
dining-room, a kitchen, and a servant's room; a bath-room, 
with other needed conveniences, was also constructed. 

These CQitages were rented by the University' to the 
clubs, without any agency on the part of the Faculty. Good 
order was required from those who occupied them, but no 
attempt was made on the part of the authorities to control 
the internal management of any of these establishments. 
The relation between the University and the club was 



UNIVERSITY OF CALIFORNIA. 51 

Bimplj tliat of landlord and tenant, the landlord claiming 
the right to eject the tenant for any misdemeanor. It is 
too soon to tell how well this system will work. -It was a 
temporary device in an emergenc}^ and was based upon the 
experience of two clubs which had already found abodes in 
cottages at Berkeley. Thus far the plan works well. 

RESIDENCES OF THE PROFESSORS. 

76. One of the greatest difficulties in the management of 
the University arises from the fact that so many of the pro- 
fessors and instructors are non-resident. Such a college 
should be surrounded by the homes of those who are en- 
gaged in the instruction of the youth ; for as soon as a good 
neighborhood is formed, other families of culture and of in- 
fluence may be expected to come to it, and all the attrac- 
tions of a college village may be secured. But at present the 
neighborhood of Berkeley grows but slowly. There is in 
it no school, no practicing physician, and but few and indif- 
ferent stores. The walks and roads are in a bad condition 
most of the year, and the inconv eniences of family life are 
great. Families hesitate to remove to Berkeley until they 
see that the professors and others who are most interested 
in the work which is there going forward, have became res- 
idents of the University neighborhood. The law requires 
the Secretary to live at Berkeley, and he removed there 
soon after accepting the office. Three of the Professors have 
built houses for themselves ; two occupy cottages belong- 
ing to the University, paying rent for them; one has hired 
a cottage in the neighborhood, and several of the young- 
er instructors have been allowed to occupy small rooms in 
the public buildings ; but this is all. It seems to me of the 
first importance that measures should be taken to provide 
homes at Berkeley for all the permanent staff of instructors. 
I do not pretend to suggest the best mode of accomplishing 
this result, nor the best positions to be set apart for such 
houses, but the subject is worthy of the earnest and imme- 
diate consideration of the Regents. Prior to the removal 



52 STATEMENT OF PROGRESS, 1872-5, 

to Berkeley, the authorities had decided to construct a 
number of houses for the accommodation of the professors; 
the plans were drawn, and the estimates received, but it 
appeared to some members of the Board that the Kegents 
had not the necessary authority to take this step, and ac- 
cordingly the proposed action was reconsidered, and the 
plan abandoned. 

PUBLIC LECTURES. 

77. Since the organization of the University, special ef- 
forts have been put forth by the authorities to awaken an 
interest in the work of the University, by means of public 
lectures upon scientific subjects. In addition to the volun- 
tary work of the various professors, who have been called 
upon from time to time to go to the different towns in the 
State, one of the professors, the Professor of Agriculture, 
was instructed by the Regents to go about the State, and 
deliver lectures on the subjects to which he was specially 
devoted ; and for six successive years a course of public lect- 
ures has been given every winter in San Francisco, at the 
rooms of the Mechanics' Institute, by various members of 
the Faculty. 

78. An assembly of the students of all departments is 
held on every Friday afternoon — at which announcements 
and instructions of general interest are communicated. The 
various professors and instructors in their turn have given 
lectures on these occasions, and not infrequently gentlemen 
who are not connected with the University have been in- 
vited to lecture. This appointment has been found quite 
acceptable to the friends of the University and of the stu- 
dents, who avail themselves of this opportunity to visit 
Berkeley. 

Among the speakers not connected with the Faculty who 
have addressed the students on these occasions may be 
mentioned the following : 

Hon. ISTewton Booth, Hon. F. F. Low (late U. S. Minis- 
ter in China), Eev. Charles Kingsley (Canon of Westmin- 



UNIVERSITY OF CALIFORNIA. 53 

ster), President Miner (of Tufts College), Eev. Dr. G. B. 
Bacon, Dr. AY. P. Gibbons, Professor W. Wilkinson, Hor- 
ace Davis, Esq., Professor Bessey (of Ames, Iowa), Profes- 
sor Brewer (of New Haven), Dr. G. F. Becker, and Eev. Dr. 
Stebbins. Several other gentlemen have promised to speak. 

79. It should be borne distinctlj'^ in mind that it is not sup- 
posed these lectures will in any way supersede the system- 
atic instruction which is given by the permanent professors, 
nor that they are as useful to the students as the instruction 
of their ordinary and regular teachers; but that while the 
staff of the University is so small, it is an advantage to 
strengthen it by calling in from time to time gentlemen 
who have been interested in various specialties. 

FINANCES. 

80. Although the administration of finances of the Uni- 
versity has not come under my official supervision, it may 
add to the completeness of this report if I submit some 
figures derived from the books of the Secretary, and the re- 
cent report of the Finance Committee. From this it ap- 
pears that the total disburserhents of the University during 
the year ending October 31st, 1874, were $95,707.81, of 
which amount the sum of $64,094.96 w^as paid in salaries. 
The other large items of expense were for the development 
of the agricultural grounds, $5,784.13; insurance, $3,510.65; 
interest on Bra3^ton property, $4,875.02. The income dur- 
ing the same period was derived from the following sources: 
From the invested funds, $33,150; from the annual appro- 
priation of the State, $25,193.80; and from land interest, 
$19,560.03. 

During the current two years — 1873-75 — the appro- 
priation of the Legislature is as follows : For current ex- 
penses, $50,000 ; for the development of the Departments of 
Agriculture and Mechanic Arts, $30,000; for the Library, 
$4,800; total, $84,800. For further particulars in this con- 
nection, attention is called to the forthcoming annual report 
of the Secretary. 



V 



54 STATEMENT OF PROGRESS, 1872-5, 

81. In comparing tlie receipts of the University of Cali- 
fornia from the various legislative appropriations, since its 
foundation, with the receipts of other similar institutions, it 
will appear that the State has been exceedingly liberal to- 
ward this institution, and has enabled it quickly to take a 
place of influence and power, not only within the limits of 
the State, but among the various kindred institutions of 
the country. Everything has been projected upon a large 
scale, making it necessary that there should be large annual 
outlays to keep up that which has been so liberally begun. 
The distance of the University from a large town; the ample 
grounds which must be brought into cultivation; the laying 
out and grading of roads and paths ; the heating, the re- 
pairs, and the daily care of spacious edifices; the incidental 
supplies of laboratory material, stationery, etc., all involve 
very large expenditures, and these expenditures must nec- 
essarily increase as the years roll on. So again, the num- 
ber of departments in which instruction is given requires a 
very large stafl' of teachers, and this staff must be augmented 
as the number of scholars increases. As no charges are 
made for tuition, there will be no increase of income from 
student fees, which is one of the sources of revenue in other 
colleges, and as the University is at present organized there 
can be but little hope of large private gifts for the endow- 
ment of the University. It is, therefore, to the Legislature 
of the State that the authorities must look for the main- 
tenance of the enterprise which has been inaugurated at 
Berkeley. 

AGRICULTURAL LAND. 

82. The Committee on Education and Labor of the House 
of Representatives in Washington, through the Chairman, 
Mr. Monroe, submitted to Congress on the 13th day of Jan- 
uary, 1875, a report on the condition and management of 
colleges in the various States which had received a grant 
from the United States under the Act of July 2d, 1862. 
This report exhibits the amount of money received in every 



UNIVERSITY OF CALIFORNIA. 55 

State from the aforesaid grant, and it shows how success- 
fully the affairs of the University of California have been 
managed in comparison with those of other kindred insti- 
tutions. 

It appears that the institutions formed in the various States 
have received the following prices per acre for the lands 
which they have sold : 

Alabama $0.90 Missouri- $1.84 

Arkansas 90 Nebraska 

California 5.00 Nevada 



Connecticut 75 New Hampshire 535 

Delaware 92 New Jersey 55 

Florida New York 61 

Georgia 90 North Carolina 50 

Illinois 70 Ohio 5436 

Indiana 544 Oregon 

Iowa . . 2.27 Pennsylvania 563 

Kansas Ehode Island 415 

Kentucky 50 South Carolina 725 

Louisiana 87 Tennessee dO% 

Maine 555 Texas .87 

Maryland 5357 Vermont 818 

Massachusetts 656 Virginia 95 

Michigan 3.25 West Virginia 60 

Minnesota 5.62 Wisconsin 1.25 

Mississippi 90 

POSSIBLE DEVELOPMENT OF THE UNIVERSITY. 

83. The following scheme is here printed to show the re- 
lations which might easily be established between the Uni- 
versity aud kindred establishments in its vicinity: 

A. — STATE COLLEGES AT BEEKELET. 

1. The Modern Sciences. — Faculty of Science. Subdivisions. — A select 
course of Mathematics, Physics, Mechanics, Geology, Zoology, etc.; special 
courses in the following departments: Agriculture, Chemistry, Civil Engi- 
neering, Mechanical Engineering, Mining, and Metallurgy. 

2. The Liberal Arts. — Faculty of Letters. Subdivisions.— Ancient (Clas- 
sical Course); Modern (Literary Course); Oriental. 

B. — COLLEGES ENDOWED OR SUSTAINED BY THE GENEEOSITY OF INDIVIDUALS AT 

SAN FEANCISCO. 

3. The Useful Arts.— Faculty of Industry. (In connection with the Me- 
chanics' Institute as an affiliated institution). The sum of $15,000 to be ex- 



56 STATEMENT OF PROGRESS, 1872-5, 

pended anuually for two years was subscribed by a few individuals to inaugu- 
rate a school of Mechanic Arts; but the proposal of Mr. James Lick to found a 
Polytechnic School prevented the carrying forward of the plan. 

4. The Fine Arts. — Faculty of Art. (In connection with the Art Associa- 
tion of. San Francisco as an affiliated institution) . A School of Design is al- 
ready begun. 

5. Professional Schools.— Faculty of Medicine. (By the gift of Dr. H. H. 
Toland, a Medical College building has been provided.) As affiliated institu- 
tions: The California College of Pharmacy (in progress); The California Col- 
lege of Dentistry (proposed). 

6. Faculty of Law. To be organized, 

O. — ADVANCED SCIENTinC FOUNDATIONS. . 

7. The California Academy of Sciences, 

8. The Microscopical Society of San Francisco. 

9. The Astronomical Observatory. 

Respectfully submitted to the Board of Regents. 

Daniel C. Gilman, President. 



s^ 



^ 



^^TEM^^ 



7^ 



CS^=OF THE 



PROGRESS AND CONDITION 



OF THE 







^^^^ 



e 



ivPiidfiili 






PKEPAKED AT THE REQUEST OF THE REGENTS OP THE UNIVERSITY, 

BY DANIEL C. GILMAN, PKESIDENT. 



BERKKLEY: 

1875. 












3:^ 



:>y3 Oi) >> 



31^ 


















m> 



2) 



..>1> 






3j) 









3>2> > > ^> 









.> L>~> 5 












:> ^^ ^ 









'>j> J 









>j> m:>:yryr> > -> ;3» j«> 3>?>^:> 



33 
33 " 

3) 
)^ : 

3 



>,^ 3>lB33»:>B 

) 33) T,^ ;^^ 



3>3>5^ 

:s> 3 ■3> 



'^ 3>^E) ■ 



» 



QIK 



.2>S> 



)jD. 



3sy> 



l)oi,r;> 3 



»j>3_3>3> 



3>^ 3x:> 

2» ^'3X':> 



:).323) 

:> 3^ 

^ 3»> 



3:l> . 



3Q[>1 
3>B3 



D3>:3 

33>:>:>^^ 






"3;£> " 
'"ym>- : 
.3i)- 1 

3®> 3" 

33 T 

3D > 



>3 3 



>3 >. 



.^3a:>~->^ 









3)i»^i>:>:x)* 



33 
33 
313 



33> ^>33> 



3:> 




>3>I> 

3>3-3S> 



305^1 
^3C>3 
3"e>t3>L^-^3>'a 

33:3)::> 3 

>j^3> ;):3^ *' ®.^^ 'i^ - ^ 

3i^~>l^lO 33 



>^3»:33>.3>^ 



=^ 



>D J3iXL3 J 

_^ _ " i033*-^ 
3g> 3SPi> 3^3t)3> 



3;3> 

31 



> 3> 



>13033-> 



LIBRARY OF CONGRESS 

029 898 ' 



82 8 



-'.fi 












